Review Which sport injury in youth football has many people increasingly concerned?

Kinh Nghiệm Hướng dẫn Which sport injury in youth football has many people increasingly concerned? 2022

Lê Sỹ Dũng đang tìm kiếm từ khóa Which sport injury in youth football has many people increasingly concerned? được Update vào lúc : 2022-12-21 21:32:05 . Với phương châm chia sẻ Bí quyết về trong nội dung bài viết một cách Chi Tiết Mới Nhất. Nếu sau khi tham khảo tài liệu vẫn ko hiểu thì hoàn toàn có thể lại Comments ở cuối bài để Admin lý giải và hướng dẫn lại nha.

1Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

Nội dung chính Show

Júlia TelesIsabel FragosoAssociated DataConclusionsIntroductionMaterials and methodsBoys—predictors of injury typeGirls—predictors of injury typeBoys—predictors of body toàn thân area injury locationGirls—predictors of body toàn thân area injury locationSports participation levelMaturity offsetStudy limitationsAcknowledgementsAbbreviationsAuthors' contributionsAvailability of data and materialsDeclarationsContributor InformationWhich of the following was a finding of recent studies into the lives of children after adoption?Which of the following is an advantage of aerobic exercise in children?Which of the following is an oral approach that helps children with hearing impairments to learn?Which of the following is a potential consequence of corporal punishment?

2CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

Find articles by Lara Costa e Silva

Júlia Teles

2CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

3Mathematics Unit, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

Find articles by Júlia Teles

Isabel Fragoso

1Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

2CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

Find articles by Isabel Fragoso

Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer

1Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

2CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

3Mathematics Unit, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

Lara Costa e Silva, E-Mail: [email protected].

Contributor Information.

Which sport injury in youth football has many people increasingly concerned?

Corresponding author.

Received 2022 Aug 24; Accepted 2022 Mar 4.

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit ://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Associated Data

Data Availability Statement

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. They can be presented as supplementary information files.

Abstract

Background

Growth can make young athletes more vulnerable to sports injuries. Increased knowledge about injury profile and its predictors is an important part of an overall risk management strategy but few studies have produced information.

Methods

Information about injury profile and sports participation (SP) level was obtained by LESADO and RAPIL II questionnaires. They were distributed to 651 participants aged between 10 and 18 years attending four schools. Maturity measures were evaluated through maturity offset (MO) and Tanner-Whitehouse III method. Bivariate analysis was used to identify the set of candidate predictors for multinomial logistic regression analysis that was used to determine significant predictors of injury type and body toàn thân area injury location.

Results

Regarding injury type predictors recreative boys had more chances of having a sprain or a fracture than a strain. Also, recreative and scholar girls had more chances of having a sprain than a strain. As MO decreased, the chances of girls having a strain or a fracture when compared to sprains were higher. For body toàn thân area location boys with 10–11 years were more likely to have upper limbs injuries than boys of other ages. This was also confirmed by MO. Spine and trunk injuries were more likely to occur in federate and no sports participation girls.

Conclusions

Injury type and body toàn thân area injury location differed significantly by SP level, age group and MO.

Keywords: Sports injuries, Children and adolescents, Bone age, Peak height velocity, Sports participation level

Introduction

Musculoskeletal injuries are the most common injuries in youth sports [1]. Growth spurt, maturity-associated variation and lack of complex motors skills needed for certain sports are among the risk factors that may play an important role in the growing athlete [2, 3]. An epidemic of both acute and overuse injuries has been considered, as children make the transition for adolescence [4]. Enhanced environment for injury can occur and several studies reported structural and tissue changes that may contribute to this situation [1, 3–8]. Asynchronous development of bone and soft tissue take place due to the rapid expansion of bones while growing [9]. The soft tissues do not follow this rapid bone growth and elongate slowly and passively, thus becoming progressively tighter [4, 7, 8]. Although controversial for some authors, loss of flexibility may occur [3, 8] and tension develops across growth plates, apophyses, muscle–tendon units and joints. This increase in tensile forces can place these structures risk of injury [7, 10]. Also an imbalance between strenght and flexibility can happen. The period in which trunk length and leg length have already increased, but muscles still have not reached their full size, lack of strength can become a potential cause of injury. This may lead to abnormal movement mechanics and to a motor performance decline during peak height velocity (PHV) [11]. Moreover children’s bones are weaker [7], because bone mineralization may lag behind linear growth, thus rendering the bone temporarily more porous [8]. Therefore, there is an increased risk for fractures throughout the bone and growth plate [5, 7, 12], confirmed through the association between PHV and peak fracture rate [3, 12, 13]. Likewise, biomechanical and clinical evidence suggests that growth cartilage is less resistant to repetitive microinjury [4, 5, 8, 9, 12]. During PHV, growth plate is less resilient to traction and compression forces because it´s predominantly composed by metabolically active chondrocytes, rather than by extracellular matrix [10]. Also, during adolescence, a decrease in coordination and balance may occur, which not only increases the risk of injury, but also influences sports performance [7]. All these events acting singly or together make the immature musculoskeletal system less able to cope with trauma situations and repetitive biomechanical stress [4, 8]. Another factor that also has to be issued is maturity-associated variation. Children of the same chronological age may vary considerably in biological maturity status which can make individual differences appear, creating unbalanced competition between early and late maturers contributing to serious injuries [3, 14]. Some studies already pointed to the fact that about 1/3 of all players of one age category are not within their normal maturity category [15].

As children and adolescents participate in sports in record numbers, targeting risk groups is important [3]. Also, increased knowledge about injury profile and its predictors, associated with specific physical activity (PA) exposures is an important part of an overall risk management strategy [16]. So, our aim was to determine injury type and body toàn thân area injury location predictors in Portuguese youth, engaged in four different SP levels.

Materials and methods

Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Human Kinetics approved the research protocol. The recommended principles set by the Helsinki Declaration for scientific research involving human beings were also followed, and before inclusion in the study all subjects’ guardians gave their written informed consent. STROBE cross sectional reporting guidelines were followed [17].

LESADO and Rapil II questionnaires were distributed to 651 participants in four schools, aged between 10 and 18 years involved in different levels of sports participation. LESADO is a self reported questionnaire that gathers information about injury profile. It comes from an extensive literature review on the topic and was adapted and based on epidemiological questionnaires used in Portuguese sports samples [18–22]. As our subjects were children and adolescents, the time to fill out the questionnaires was supervised by the investigator who followed and clarified all doubts, preventing the possibility of bias and interpretation difficulties associated with literacy skills [23, 24]. A clear definition of injury and selected variables was provided, based in current epidemiological research [25, 26], and can be consulted in previous studies [18, 19, 27]. Time frame used was six months, as recommended in retrospective studies [28, 29]. The Biosocial Questionnaire RAPIL II is a parent´s self-reported instrument and it was used to measure biosocial variables. It´s been used in Portugal in large epidemiological studies [30–32], and provides information about the daily PA habits of the subject. These data allowed to create four groups of SP. The no sports participation group, with no time spent in PA per week (except mandatory physical education classes), the recreative sports group with least 90 min of PA per week being least 60% of this volume of recreational sports activity; the school sports group with least 90 min of PA per week being least 60% of this volume of school sports activity and the federated sports group with least 120 min of federated activity. Federated sports athletes are also defined as those who have official recognition for their sport by a sanctioned sports association. These athletes usually have medical approval to participate and formal training/coaching. School sports are understood as the set of recreational-sports and training practices with a sporting objective developed as a complement to the curriculum and occupation of không lấy phí time, integrated into the school's activity plan and coordinated within the scope of the education system.

On the other hand, recreational sports involve one or more participants and provides fun and entertainment for participants in a non-formal/structured practice setting. The competitive value is minimized and the rules can be changed depending on the objective of the trò chơi/sport.

Maturity measures consisted in calculating bone age and maturity offset. Bone age was obtained according to the Tanner-Whitehouse III (TW3) method [33]. Radiographs of left hand and wrist were taken in a single session, and the maturity ratings of thirteen bones were performed by one trained examiner, without knowledge of the chronological age of the subjects.

Maturity offset assessed time before or after PHV according to Mirwald [34]. Maturity offset minus chronological age provides an estimate of the age of PHV. It can be used to group the individuals for years before or after PHV. We used a specific equation for each sex (SEE equation is 0.592 for boys and 0.569 for girls), based on the Canadian and Belgian samples [34]. Applicability of the method appears to be useful during the period of growth acceleration, between 12–15 years [35]. Chronological age group was defined with the whole year as the midpoint of the range (e.g., 12 years include participants with 11.50–12.49 years of decimal age).

The statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 22.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and a significance level of 5% was considered. The dependent variables were injury type (0 = strain, 1 = sprain 2 = fracture) and body toàn thân area injury location (0 = lower limbs, 1 = upper limbs, 2 = spine and trunk). Despite some issues that prevent the use of multinomial regression models in case of body toàn thân area injury location, this technique was initially considered to identify the significant predictors for each sex and for each dependent variable. The evaluated predictors were SP level (0 = no sports participation, 1 = recreative, 2 = scholar, 3 = federate), age group (0 = 10–11, 1 = 12–13, 2 = 14–15, 3 = ≥ 16 years), bone age (years) and maturity offset (years). First bivariate analyses of predictors were conducted: for each dependent variable chi-square tests of independence and Kruskal–Wallis tests were used with categorical and quantitative predictors, respectively. The set of candidate predictors for multinomial regression consisted of all the variables that presented p < 0.25 in the bivariate analysis [36], and the backward stepwise method using the likelihood ratio statistic was applied in the model variable selection.

Results

The sample included 651 adolescents, aged between 10 and 18 years (Mean = 13.7; Standard Deviation = 1.8 years), being 343 boys (52.7%) and 308 girls (47.3%). A total of 247 subjects reported a sports injury during the previous 6 months (37.9%; 95% CI 34.2–41.7%). Considering the analysis by sex, 143 of 343 boys reported an injury (41.6%) and 104 of 308 girls reported an injury (33.8%). Results of the injury profile are presented in Table Table11.

Table 1

- Prevalence and injury profile

FrequencyPercentageInjury prevalence24737.9Body area locationLower limbs10753.8Upper limbs5829.0Column and Torso2311.5Injury typeStrains6733.7Sprains5427.1Fractures4623.1OcurrencesPractice17474Competition6126CausesDirect trauma12351.9Indirect trauma7029.5Oversuse3012.7Classification1st injury12351.9Relapse5925Chronic3815.9ConsequencesTotal recovery14360.9Conditioned activity, symptoms or treatments9239.1Severity< 1 week13554.6≥ 1 week11245.4

Open in a separate window

Boys—predictors of injury type

Significant associations were found only between injury type and SP level (X2(4) = 12.763, p = 0.011). Backward stepwise methods lead to a multinomial logistic regression model (X2(4) = 15.165, p = 0.004). The odds of a recreative boy having a sprain rather than strain were 8.84 times more than for a federate boy and the odds of a recreative boy having a fracture rather than a strain were 7.27 times more than for a federate boy. Results can be seen in Table Table22.

Table 2

Multinomial logistic regression models adjusted for the dependent variable injury type for each sex

Dependent variablePredictorB (Std error)podds ratio95% CI odds ratioType of injury1Boys3SprainIntercept − 0.793 (0.276).004SP level (0)0.100 (0.672).8821.105(0.296, 4.125)SP level (1)2.180 (0.838).0098.842(1.713, 45.651)FractureIntercept − 0.480 (0.250).055SP level (0) − 1.600 (1.090).1420.202(0.024, 1.709)SP level (1)1.984 (0.821).0167.269(1.455, 36.306)Type of injury2Girls4StrainIntercept2.272 (0.810).005Maturity offset − 0.538 (0.224).0160.584(0.376, 0.906)SP level(0) − 1.249 (0.756).0980.287(0.065, 1.262)SP level(1) − 2.012 (0.824).0150.134(0.027, 0.673)SP level(2) − 3.029 (1.239).0150.048(0.004, 0.549)FractureIntercept2.050 (0.895).022Maturity offset − 0.842 (0.253)< .0010.431(0.262, 0.707)SP level(o) − 1.869 (0.974).0550.154(0.023, 1.041)SP level(1) − 1.541 (0.932).0980.214(0.034, 1.330)SP level(2) − 0.572 (0.945).5450.564(0.089, 3.596)

Open in a separate window

1The reference category is strain

2The reference category is sprain

3Model X2(4) = 15.165, p = .004; Cox & Snell R2 = .120; Nagelkerke R2 = .135; McFadden R2 = .059

4Model X2(8) = 28.770, p < .001; Cox & Snell R2 = .290; Nagelkerke R2 = .328; McFadden R2 = .158

Girls—predictors of injury type

Regarding girls, Kruskal–Wallis tests showed that there were significant differences in bone age (X2(2) = 9.616, p = 0.008) and maturity offset (X2(2) = 12.892, p = 0.002) among injury type. Although SP level (X2(6) = 12.117, p = 0.059) was only marginally significant predictor in the bivariate analysis, it was considered as candidate predictor for the multinomial logistic regression since together with other predictors could be significant, as it happened. The multinomial logistic regression model achieved two predictors, SP level (X2(6) = 16.474, p = 0.011) and maturity offset (X2(2) = 15.115, p < 0.001). The odds of a recreative girl having a sprain rather than a strain were 7.46 (1/0.134) times more than a federate girl and the odds of a scholar girl having a sprain rather than a strain were 20.8 (1/0.048) times more than a federate girl. Relatively to maturity offset, the odds ratio revealed that as maturity offset decreased by a unit, the change in the odds of having a strain rather than a sprain were 1.71 (1/0.584); and of having a fracture rather than a sprain were 2.32 (1/0.431). Results are presented in Table Table22 and Fig. 1.

Open in a separate window

Fig. 1

Boxplots of maturity offset for girls by type of injury

Boys—predictors of body toàn thân area injury location

A significant association was found between body toàn thân area injury location and age group (X2(6) = 13.587, p = 0.033). Boys with 10–11 years were more likely to have upper limbs injuries than boys of the other age groups and less likely to have lower limbs injuries than boys of age groups 14–15 and ≥ 16. Kruskal–Wallis tests also revealed that significant differences emerged in maturity offset (X2(2) = 6.014, p = 0.049). Post hoc tests showed that the differences in maturity offset were between upper limbs and lower limbs (p = 0.045). See Fig. 2.

Open in a separate window

Fig. 2

Boxplots of maturity offset for boys by body toàn thân area injury location

Girls—predictors of body toàn thân area injury location

A significant association was detected between body toàn thân area injury location and SP level (X2(6) = 14.587, p = 0.022). Federate girls were more likely to have spine and trunk injuries than scholar and recreative girls, and girls with no sport participation were more likely to have spine and trunk injuries than recreative girls. See Fig. 3.

Open in a separate window

Fig. 3

Girls percentage of injuries by body toàn thân area injury location for each SP level

The reduced number of spine and trunk injuries for both boys and girls prevented the use of multinomial logistic regression in case of body toàn thân area injury location.

Discussion

Injuries in school age children from different PA backgrounds have a specific identity [18, 19, 37], being age, SP level and maturation important predictors of body toàn thân area injury location and injury types. Each sport group presented a specific injury profile and PHV proved to be an important milestone for the evaluation of the injury pattern in adolescents of both sexes. Due to the variation observed in growth and maturation between adolescents, chronological age turns out to be a less informative indicator for injury risk. Inter-individual biological maturation variability, corresponds to inter-individual readiness for sport acquisitions and specific vulnerability to certain injuries.

Sports participation level

The distribution through the different levels of sports participation seems to be one of the key variables in regard to injury type. Scholar girls were more likely to have sprains rather than strains 20.8 times. Like it was proven by several studies, sprains are one of the most common injuries sustained by young athletes [2, 37] and highly related with traumatic mechanisms [38], due to joint stiffness and abnormal movement mechanics during growth [11]. In addition, concerns about school sports have been raised due to the poor quality of the playing fields, inappropriate protective equipment and inefficient supervision [6], which may also explain the traumatic nature of injuries found in this group. Boys and girls of the recreative group were 8.84 and 7.46 times respectively more likely to have sprains than strains, and boys had 7.27 times more chances of having a fracture rather than strains. The concerns raised in regard to scholar sports about environmental, equipment and supervision issues are also present in recreative sports. Also, recreative sports can be practiced in a variety of settings, which can add complexity to injury patterns. As fractures in boys are concerned, younger males tend to sustain during sports practice, more accidental injuries, especially fractures, than girls, older children and adults [39]. The high incidence of fractures in childhood result from a transient deficit in bone mass related to longitudinal growth [13].

Federated girls and boys reported more strains, rather than sprains or fractures. Federated athletes suffer a great amount of soft tissue injuries being the majority of them classified as overuse. Recent studies are beginning to emphasize and describe overuse injuries as the most significant mechanism of injury in organized sports. The increasingly highly competitive nature of youth sports, increased periods of extensive training, repetitive movements, sport specialization and participation in large numbers of competitive events [19, 40, 41] have made overuse injuries a growing reality. In addition, structured sports training and competition do not always allow adequate rest periods for a developing child [10]. Subjects who have not developed some skills like strength, endurance, and motor control may be increased injury risk as they begin or get more involved in a specific sport [12]. Also in organized competitions, the child may feel an expectation to continue and therefore be more likely to push through pain or soreness.

Girls in the no sports participation and federated groups presented more chances of having a spine or trunk injury (X2(6) = 14.587, p = 0.022). Low levels of PA and sedentary lifestyle can be considered a risk factor. Physical inactivity can result in decreased strength, bone mineral content, flexibility and coordination, increased body toàn thân fat mass, and these factors can contribute to the appearance of symptoms, especially in girls [42–45]. On the other hand, it is also common scientific studies report young athletes as a risk group for spine dysfunction [46, 47]. Low back pain in athletes is usually directly related to sports practice. The protective effect of sport participation disappears and a detrimental effect manifests itself as a result of the high volumes and intensities of training. Functional or repetitive overload and/or charges early introduced, not adapted to the growth and physiological characteristics of the athlete are usually the main causes for low back injury [48, 49].

Maturity offset

Considering MO, strains and fractures were more likely to occur in girls near the PHV. It´s consensual that around the PHV period, adolescents are vulnerable to injuries [14, 18, 50]. Physiological loading is beneficial for the bones, but excessive load may produce serious injuries, like strains [50].

An increase in traumatic injuries takes place mainly during the time of PHV, while the increase in overuse injuries persists in the year after PHV. A period in which trunk and leg length have already increased, but muscles still have to grow, to reach their full size and strength, an imbalance between strength and flexibility can occur. This imbalance, during PHV interval, may lead to abnormal movement mechanics and a decline in performance on motor tasks during the interval of PHV. Possibly, this temporarily decline in essential motor performance during the years of maximal growth contributes to an increase in traumatic injuries [11]. Additionally the decrease in bone mineral density before PHV correlates with acute fracture episodes [10–13]. Fractures during childhood and adolescence are more frequent in girls with later menarche rather than earlier menarche. These factors, reported as responsible for an increase in traumatic injuries (joint stiffness, decreased bone density, abnormal movement mechanics) disappear 1 year after PHV, in contrast to factors that contribute to overuse injuries. As overuse injuries are concerned, authors have explained its causes from a biomechanical perspective. First, changes in bones limb mass typically occur before visible changes in muscle tissue. If muscles, tendons and apophyses adapt slowly, and activities are performed repetitively, those tissues are not immediately able to giảm giá with the increased stress and overuse injuries may occur, leaving a period of increased susceptibility after PHV [11]. Moreover, it should be noted that girls present higher overuse injury rates than boys [41]. Relatively to body toàn thân area injury location, only boys presented significant results. Boys’ upper limbs injuries were more likely to occur before PHV, and lower limbs injuries after PHV (p = 0.045). These results reflect the relation between type of injury, growth velocity during adolescence, and body toàn thân area injury location, where traumatic upper limb bony injuries can occur more often in children/adolescents before PHV, and soft tissue lower limb injuries in adolescents after PHV. It is known that significantly larger proportion of injuries sustained by older children are on soft tissues when compared with younger athletes. Younger athletes are more likely to have bone fractures, normally located in the upper limbs [26] and are treated for a greater amount of traumatic injuries [5]. During puberty, the asynchrony between the stature growth acceleration and bone mineral content is also seen in the distal radius with a transient cortical deficit with an increased porosity that may well contribute to the adolescent increased incidence in forearm fractures [13]. On the other hand, increased stress on the muscle–tendon-bone junctions, ligaments, and growth cartilage occurs as the changes in the length, mass, and moment of inertia of the extremities take place with growth. Although tissue and structural dynamic equilibrium begins to be reached after PHV some degree of fragility still persists. The increase in strength needed to accommodate these changes may not occur in a uniform pattern and may enable the child or teenager to continue to generate the same limb speed as before the growth spurt. These complex factors and combinations of growth, strength, load, sport training and competition create situations conducive to the development of overuse injuries, especially in lower limbs [12].

Age group

Group age results reflect the maturation results. Boys with 10–11 years were more likely to have upper limbs injuries than boys of the other age groups and less likely to have lower limbs injuries than boys of age groups 14–15 and ≥ 16 (X2(6) = 13.587, p = 0.033). Some authors are starting to recognize that the effect of age on injury risk may be trivial these ages [14, 18].

Study limitations

One of the limitations of study studies lies on the retrospective methodology used for information collection. Relying on the participants’ correct memory of events can introduce recall bias, potentially leading to incorrect conclusions. Minimisation of recall bias is a prerequisite when the collection on self-reported data cannot be avoided. Providing a clear definition of injury can help to improve the memory of participants through the provision of specific prompts [25, 26]. Limiting the length of time over which participants are asked to recall injuries can also help to reduce the impact of the recall bias [29]. The samples’ group age also brought some limitations. Surveys have been shown to be useful for collecting children´s injury and sport participation data [24]. Children are able to give a detailed account of the circumstances of the injury sự kiện [51]. Nevertheless difficulties can be encountered when using survey measures with children [24]. One is their capacity to recall information and second is their low literacy skills. These technical problems can be prevented through a tight following when the survey is being completed [24].

Conclusion

Some injury risk factors are unique to the growing athlete. Increased knowledge about injury characteristics associated with specific PA exposures and maturation variables are an important part of an overall risk management strategy. A specific injury profile was presented all levels of sports participation. PHV was a significant predictor of injury patterns in adolescents of both sexes. Chronological age may not be a good indicator of injury risk and maturation assessment can be a more complete measure to estimate injury risk. Evaluation of biological maturation should be strongly encouraged.

Acknowledgements

We would like to express our immeasurable gratitude to Ana Lúcia Silva and João Albuquerque for helping in data collection, and Carlos Barrigas for evaluating all x rays. We also thank to Escola Básica 2,3 Professor Delfim Santos, Agrupamento de escolas de Portela e Moscavide and Escola Secundária Quinta do Marquês, for making both their infrastructures and students available for the study and to all participants for their time and effort. Lara Costa e Silva, Ana Lúcia Silva e João Albuquerque were supported by a scholarship from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (SFRH/BD/77408/2011), (SFRH/BD/91029/2012), and PTDC/DES/113156/2009, respectively) and by the Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER).

Abbreviations

SPSports participationMOMaturity offsetPHVPeak height velocityPAPhysical activitySEEStandard error of estimate

Authors' contributions

Each author listed on the manuscript, LCeS, IF and JT had read and approved the final version of the manuscript and take full responsibility for the manuscript. All authors contributed in an active way for the elaboration of the study fulfilling the four criteria recommended by the ICMJE. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

This work has received founding from the Portuguese foundation of science and technology, which had no involvement in the study design, collection, analysis and interpretation of data, writing of the report, and decision to submit the paper for publication.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. They can be presented as supplementary information files.

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Human Kinetics approved the research protocol (50/2015). The recommended principles set by the Helsinki Declaration for scientific research involving human beings were also followed, and before inclusion in the study all subjects’ guardians gave their written informed consent. The study is according to STROBE guidelines.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors have no competing interests to declare.

Footnotes

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Contributor Information

Lara Costa e Silva, E-Mail: [email protected].

Júlia Teles, E-Mail: [email protected].

Isabel Fragoso, E-Mail: [email protected].

References

1. Patel D, Nelson T. Sports injuries in adolescents. Med Clin N Am. 2000;84(4):983–1007. doi: 10.1016/S0025-7125(05)70270-4. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

2. Adirim T, Cheng T. Overview of injuries in the young athlete. Sport Med. 2003;33(1):75–81. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200333010-00006. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

3. Maffulli N, Caine D. The Epidemiology of children’s team sports injuries. Med Sport Sci. 2005;49:1–8. doi: 10.1159/000085330. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

4. Gerrard D. Overuse injury and growing bones: the young athlete risk. Br J Sports Med. 1993;27(1):14–18. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.27.1.14. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

5. Best T. Muscle-tendon injuries in young athlete. Clin Sport Med. 1995;14(3):669–686. doi: 10.1016/S0278-5919(20)30212-X. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

6. Baxter-Jones A, Maffulli N, Helms P. Low injury rates in elite athletes. Arch Dis Child. 1993;68(1):130–132. doi: 10.1136/adc.68.1.130. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

7. Merkel D. Youth sport: positive and negative impact on young athletes. Open Access J Sport Med. 2013 doi: 10.2147/OAJSM.S33556. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

8. Micheli LJ, Klein JD. Sports injuries in children and adolescents. Br J Sports Med. 1991;25(1):6–9. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.25.1.6. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

9. Cohen E, Sala D. Rehabilitation of pediatric musculoskeletal sport-related injuries: a review of the literature. Eur J Rehabil Med. 2010;46:133–146. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

10. Jayanthi NA, LaBella CR, Fischer D, Pasulka J, Dugas LR. Sports-specialized intensive training and the risk of injury in young athletes: a clinical case–control study. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43(4):794–801. doi: 10.1177/0363546514567298. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

11. van der Sluis A, Elferink-Gemser MT, Coelho-e-Silva MJM, et al. Sport injuries aligned to peak height velocity in talented pubertal soccer players. Int J Sports Med. 2014;35(4):351–355. doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1349874. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

12. DiFiori J. Overuse injuries in children and adolescents. Curr Sport Med Rep. 2010;9(6):372–378. doi: 10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181fdba58. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

13. Bonjour JP, Chevalley T. Pubertal timing, bone acquisition, and risk of fracture throughout life. Endocr Rev. 2014;35(5):820–847. doi: 10.1210/er.2014-1007. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

14. Bowerman E, Whatman C, Harris N, Bradshaw E, Karin J. Are maturation, growth and lower extremity alignment associated with overuse injury in elite adolescent ballet dancers? Phys Ther Sport. 2014;15(4):234–241. doi: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2013.12.014. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

15. Faude O, Robler R, Junge A. Football injuries in children and adolescent players: are there clues for prevention? Sport Med. 2013;43(9):819–837. doi: 10.1007/s40279-013-0061-x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

16. Abernethy L, MacAuley D. Impact of school sports injury. Br J Sport Med. 2003;37(4):354–355. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.37.4.354. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

17. von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. J Clin Epidemiol. 2008;61(4):344–349. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

18. Costa e Silva L, Fragoso MI, Teles J. Physical activity-related injury profile in children and adolescents according to their age, maturation, and level of sports participation. Sports Health. 2022;9(2):118–125. doi: 10.1177/1941738116686964. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

19. Costa e Silva L, Fragoso I, Teles J. Injury profile in Portuguese children and adolescents according to their level of sports participation. J Sport Med Phys Fit. 2022;58(3):271–279. doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000487600.28159.4d. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

20. Azevedo A, Oliveira R, Fonseca J. Lesões no sistema musculo-esquelético em bailarinas profissionais, em Portugal, na temporada 2004/2005. Rev Port Fisioter no Desporto. 2007;1(1):32–37. [Google Scholar]

21. Goldberg A, Loroz M, Smith A, Ganley T. Injury surveillance in young athletes: a clinician’s guide to sports injury literature. Sport Med. 2007;37(3):265–278. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200737030-00005. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

22. Pires D, Oliveira R. Lesões no sistema musculo-esquelético em tenistas portugueses. Rev Port Fisioter no Desporto. 2010;4(2):15–22. [Google Scholar]

23. Nicholl JP, Coleman P, Williamst BT. The epidemiology of sports and exercise related injury in the United Kingdom. Br J Sports Med. 1995;29(4):232–238. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.29.4.232. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

24. Siesmaa EJ, Blitvich JD, White PE, Finch CF. Measuring children’s self-reported sport participation, risk perception and injury history: development and validation of a survey instrument. J Sci Med Sport. 2011;14(1):22–26. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2010.04.006. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

25. Changstrom BG, Brou L, Khodaee M, Braund C, Comstock RD. Epidemiology of stress fracture injuries among US high school athletes, 2005–2006 through 2012–2013. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43(1):26–33. doi: 10.1177/0363546514562739. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

26. Swenson DM, Henke NM, Collins CL, Fields SK, Comstock RD. Epidemiology of United States high school sports-related fractures, 2008–09 to 2010–11. Am J Sports Med. 2012;40:2078–2084. doi: 10.1177/0363546512453304. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

27. Costa L, Teles J, Fragoso I. Youth sports injuries according to health-related quality of life and parental instruction. Gazz Medica Ital Arch per le Sci Mediche. 2022;178(3):90–97. doi: 10.23736/S0393-3660.18.03749-X. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

28. Schneider S, Yamamoto S, Weidmann C, Brühmann B. Sports injuries among adolescents: incidence, causes and consequences. J Paediatr Child Health. 2012;48(10):183–189. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2012.02578.x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

29. Gabbe BJ, Finch CF, Bennell KL, Wajswelner H. How valid is a self reported 12 month sports injury history? Br J Sports Med. 2003;37(6):545–547. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.37.6.545. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

30. Varela-Silva M, Fragoso I, Vieira F. Growth and nutritional status of Portuguese children from Lisbon, and their parents. Notes on time trends between 1971 and 2001. Ann Hum Biol. 2010;37:702–716. doi: 10.3109/03014460903539566. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

31. Massuça L, Fragoso I. Study of Portuguese handball players of different playing status. A morphological and biosocial perspective. Biol Sport. 2011;28:37–44. doi: 10.5604/935871. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

32. Fragoso I, Vieira F, Barrigas C, et al. Influence of maturation on morphology, food ingestion and motor performance variability of lisbon children aged between 7 to 8 years. In: Olds T, Marfell-Jones M (eds) Kinanthropometry X. Proceedings of the 10th Conference of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). Routledge, London, pp 9–24

Which of the following was a finding of recent studies into the lives of children after adoption?

Which of the following was a finding of recent studies into the lives of children after adoption? The mother's secure attachment proved more important for adopted children's secure attachment than did the father's secure attachment.

Which of the following is an advantage of aerobic exercise in children?

Regular physical activity can help children and adolescents improve cardiorespiratory fitness, build strong bones and muscles, control weight, reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression, and reduce the risk of developing health conditions such as: Heart disease. Cancer.

Which of the following is an oral approach that helps children with hearing impairments to learn?

Auditory-verbal therapy (AVT) — sometimes called auditory-based therapy — is a type of early intervention therapy for young children who are deaf and hard of hearing, or those who use hearing technology such as hearing aids or cochlear implants.

Which of the following is a potential consequence of corporal punishment?

Corporal punishment is linked to a range of negative outcomes for children across countries and cultures, including physical and mental ill-health, impaired cognitive and socio-emotional development, poor educational outcomes, increased aggression and perpetration of violence. Tải thêm tài liệu liên quan đến nội dung bài viết Which sport injury in youth football has many people increasingly concerned?