Mẹo Which of the following is an inappropriate nursing diagnosis for the client following casting?
Thủ Thuật Hướng dẫn Which of the following is an inappropriate nursing diagnosis for the client following casting? 2022
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Nội dung chính Show- Goals and OutcomesNursing AssessmentNursing InterventionsRecommended ResourcesWhich intervention would the nurse implement with the client in a plaster cast?Which would be contraindicated as a component of self care activities for the client with a cast?Which nursing diagnosis takes highest priority for a client with a compound fracture?Which type of cast encloses the trunk and a lower extremity quizlet?
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Use this ineffective tissue perfusion nursing care plan guide to help you create nursing interventions for this nursing diagnosis.
Blood is a connective tissue comprised of a liquid extracellular matrix termed as blood plasma which dissolves and suspends multiple cells and cell fragments. It carries oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract. The oxygen and nutrients subsequently diffuse from the blood into the interstitial fluid and then into the body toàn thân cells. Insufficient arterial blood flow causes decreased nutrition and oxygenation the cellular level. Decreased tissue perfusion can be temporary, with few or minimal consequences to the health of the patient, or it can be more acute or protracted, with potentially destructive effects on the patient. When diminished tissue perfusion becomes chronic, it can result in tissue or organ damage or death.
Nursing care planning and management for ineffective tissue perfusion is directed removing vasoconstricting factors, improving peripheral blood flow, reducing metabolic demands on the body toàn thân, patient’s participation, and understanding the disease process and its treatment, and preventing complications.
Goals and Outcomes
The following are the common goals and expected outcomes for this nursing problem:
- Patient identifies factors that improve circulation.Patient identifies necessary lifestyle changes.Patient exhibits growing tolerance to activity.Patient shows no further worsening/repetition of deficits.Patient engages in behaviors or actions to improve tissue perfusion.Patient maintains maximum tissue perfusion to vital organs, as evidenced by warm and dry skin, present and strong peripheral pulses, vitals within patient’s normal range, balanced I&O, absence edema, normal ABGs, alert LOC, and absence of chest pain.Patient verbalizes or demonstrates normal sensations and movement as appropriate.Patient states when to contact physician or health-care professional
Nursing Assessment
Regular assessment is required in order to identify possible problems that may have lead to ineffective tissue perfusion as well as name any situation that may happen during nursing care. Here are some assessment cues you may need for creating a nursing care plan (NCP) for ineffective tissue perfusion:
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Nursing AssessmentRationalesAssess for signs of decreased tissue perfusion.Particular clusters of signs and symptoms occur with differing causes. Evaluation of Ineffective Tissue Perfusion defining characteristics provides a baseline for future comparison.Assess for probable contributing factors related to temporarily impaired arterial blood flow. Some examples include compartment syndrome, constricting cast, embolism, indwelling arterial catheters, positioning, thrombus, and vasospasm.Early detection of the source facilitates quick, effective management.Review laboratory data (ABGs, BUN, creatinine, electrolytes, international normalized ratio, and prothrombin time or partial thromboplastin time) if anticoagulants are utilized for treatment.Blood clotting studies are being used to conclude or make sure that clotting factors stay within therapeutic levels. Gauges of organ perfusion or function. Irregularities in coagulation may occur as an effect of therapeutic measures.CardiopulmonaryCheck respirations and absence of work of breathing.Cardiac pump malfunction and/or ischemic pain may result in respiratory distress. Nevertheless, abrupt or continuous dyspnea may signify thromboembolic pulmonary complications.CerebralCheck rapid changes or continued shifts in mental status.Electrolyte/acid-base variations, hypoxia, and systemic emboli influence cerebral perfusion. In addition, it is directly related to cardiac output.Record BP readings for orthostatic changes (drop of 20 mm Hg systolic BP or 10 mm Hg diastolic BP with position changes).Stable BP is needed to keep sufficient tissue perfusion. Medication effects such as altered autonomic control, decompensated heart failure, reduced fluid volume, and vasodilation are among many factors potentially jeopardizing optimal BP.Monitor higher functions, as well as speech, if patient is alert.Indicators of location or degree of cerebral circulation or perfusion are alteration in cognition and speech content.GastrointestinalExamine GI function, noting anorexia, decreased or absent bowel sounds, nausea or vomiting, abdominal distension, and constipation.Decreased blood flow to mesentery can turn out to GI dysfunction, loss of peristalsis, for example. Problems may be potentiated or provoked by utilization of analgesics, diminished activity, and dietary changes.PeripheralUse pulse oximetry to monitor oxygen saturation and pulse rate.Pulse oximetry is a useful tool to detect changes in oxygenation.Check Hgb levelsLow levels reduce the uptake of oxygen the alveolar-capillary membrane and oxygen delivery to the tissues.Check for pallor, cyanosis, mottling, cool or clammy skin. Assess quality of every pulse.Nonexistence of peripheral pulses must be reported or managed immediately. Systemic vasoconstriction resulting from reduced cardiac output may be manifested by diminished skin perfusion and loss of pulses. Therefore, assessment is required for constant comparisonsNote skin texture and the presence of hair, ulcers, or gangrenous areas on the legs or feet.Thin, shiny, dry skin with hair loss; brittle nails; and gangrene or ulcerations on toes and anterior surfaces of feet are seen in patients with arterial insufficiency. If ulcerations are on the side of the leg, they are usually venousRenalMonitor intake, observe changes in urine output. Record urine specific gravity as necessary.Reduced intake or unrelenting nausea may consequence in lowered circulating volume, which negatively affects perfusion and organ function. Hydration status and renal function are revealed by specific gravity measurements.Nursing Interventions
The following are the therapeutic nursing interventions for ineffective tissue perfusion:
InterventionsRationalesSubmit patient to diagnostic testing as indicated.A variety of tests are available depending on the cause of the impaired tissue perfusion. Angiograms, Doppler flow studies, segmental limb pressure measurement such as ankle-brachial index (ABI), and vascular stress testing are examples of these tests.Check for optimal fluid balance. Administer IV fluids as ordered.Sufficient fluid intake maintains adequate filling pressures and optimizes cardiac output needed for tissue perfusion.Note urine output.Reduce renal perfusion may take place due to vascular occlusion.Maintain optimal cardiac output.This ensures adequate perfusion of vital organs.Consider the need for potential embolectomy, heparinization, vasodilator therapy, thrombolytic therapy, and fluid rescue.These facilitate perfusion when interference to blood flow transpires or when perfusion has gone down to such a serious level leading to ischemic damage.Ineffective Tissue Perfusion: CardiovascularAdminister nitroglycerin (NTG) sublingually for complaints of angina.This enhances myocardial perfusion.Maintain oxygen therapy as ordered.To enhance myocardial perfusion.Ineffective Tissue Perfusion: CerebralWhen patient experiences dizziness due to orthostatic hypotension when getting up, educate methods to decrease dizziness, such as remaining seated for several minutes before standing, flexing feet upward several times while seated, rising slowly, sitting down immediately if feeling dizzy, and trying to have someone present when standing.Orthostatic hypotension results in temporary decreased cerebral perfusion.Check mental status; perform a neurological examination.Review trend in level of consciousness (LOC) and possibility for increased ICP and is helpful in deciding location, extent and development/resolution or central nervous system (CNS) damage.If ICP is increased, elevate head of bed 30 to 45 degrees.This promotes venous outflow from brain and helps reduce pressure.Avoid measures that may trigger increased ICP such as coughing, vomiting, straining stool, neck in flexion, head flat, or bearing down.These will further reduce cerebral blood flow.Administer anticonvulsants as needed.These reduce risk of seizure which may result from cerebral edema or ischemia.Control environmental temperature as necessary. Perform tepid sponge bath when fever occurs.Fever may be a sign of damage to hypothalamus. Fever and shivering can further increase ICP.Evaluate eye opening.Establishes arousal ability or level of consciousness.Evaluate motor reaction to simple commands, noting purposeful and nonpurposeful movement. Document limb movement and note right and left sides individually.Measures overall awareness and capacity to react to external stimuli, and best signifies condition of consciousness in the patient whose eyes are closed due to trauma or who is aphasic. Consciousness and involuntary movement are incorporated if patient can both take hold of and let go of the tester’s hand or grasp two fingers on command. Purposeful movement can comprise of grimacing or withdrawing from painful stimuli. Other movements (posturing and abnormal flexion of extremities) usually specify disperse cortical damage. Absence of spontaneous movement on one side of the body toàn thân signifies damage to the motor tracts in the opposite cerebral hemisphere.Evaluate verbal reaction. Observe if patient is oriented to person, place and time; or is confused; uses inappropriate words or phrases that make little sense.Measures appropriateness of speech content and level of consciousness. If minimum damage has taken place in the cerebral cortex, patient may be stimulated by verbal stimuli but may show drowsy or uncooperative. More broad damage to the cerebral cortex may be manifested by slow reaction to commands, lapsing into sleep when not aroused, disorientation, and stupor. Injury to midbrain , pons, and medulla is evidenced by lack of appropriate reactions to stimuli.Provide rest periods between care activities and prevent duration of procedures.Constant activity can further increase ICP by creating a cumulative stimulant effect.Reorient to environment as needed.Decreased cerebral blood flow or cerebral edema may result in changes in the LOC.Ineffective Tissue Perfusion: PeripheralAssist with position changes.Gently repositioning patient from a supine to sitting/standing position can reduce the risk for orthostatic BP changes. Older patients are more susceptible to such drops of pressure with position changes.Promote active/passive ROM exercises.Exercise prevents venous stasis and further circulatory compromise.Administer medications as prescribed to treat underlying problem. Note the response.These medications facilitate perfusion for most causes of impairment.- Antiplatelets/anticoagulants
- Peripheral vasodilators
- Antihypertensives
- Inotropes
Recommended Resources
Recommended nursing diagnosis and nursing care plan books and resources.
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Which intervention would the nurse implement with the client in a plaster cast?
Nursing Interventions for Cast Care:. Monitor for compartment syndrome: 6 P's.. Monitor for infection: hotspots in the cast, severe pain, fever.. Keep the cast and extremity elevated above the heart level (decreases swelling). Apply ice packs to the cast for the first 2 days to decrease swelling..Which would be contraindicated as a component of self care activities for the client with a cast?
Which would be contraindicated as a component of self-care activities for the client with a cast? The cast should be kept dry, but do not cover it with plastic or rubber because this causes condensation, which dampens the cast and skin.Which nursing diagnosis takes highest priority for a client with a compound fracture?
Acute pain. C: Acute pain is the most appropriate nursing diagnosis for a patient with fracture.Which type of cast encloses the trunk and a lower extremity quizlet?
Which type of cast encloses the trunk and a lower extremity? Explanation: A hip spica cast encloses the trunk and a lower extremity. A body toàn thân cast encloses the trunk. Tải thêm tài liệu liên quan đến nội dung bài viết Which of the following is an inappropriate nursing diagnosis for the client following casting?
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