Review Which of the following behaviors is typically reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule

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Schedules of Reinforcement:

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Which behaviors is typically reinforced on a variable ratio schedule?Which of the following is an example of variable ratio reinforcement schedule?Which of the following statements describes a variable ratio schedule?Which pattern of responding would a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement produce?

Schedules of Reinforcement

Continuous Reinforcement Schedule

Partial (intermittent) Reinforcement Schedule

Fixed Ratio (FR) Schedule

Variable Ratio (VR) Schedule

Fixed Interval (FI) Schedule

Variable Interval (VI) Schedule

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Schedules of Reinforcement

Which of the following behaviors is typically reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule

Schedules of reinforcement are the rules that determine how often an organism is reinforced for a particular behavior. The particular pattern of reinforcement has an impact on the pattern of responding by the animal.

A schedule of reinforcement is either continuous or partial. The Fire Chief Rabbit to the left was not reinforced every time it pulled the lever that "operated" the fire truck. In other words, the rabbit was reinforced on a partial or intermittent schedule.

There are four basic partial schedules of reinforcement. These different schedules are based on reinforcing the behavior as a function of (a) the number of responses that have occurred or (b) the length of time since the last reinforcer was available. The four partial schedules are:

fixed ratio

variable ratio

fixed interval

variable interval

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Continuous Reinforcement Schedule

The continuous schedule of reinforcement involves the occurrence of a reinforcer every single time that a desired behavior is emitted. Behaviors are learned quickly with a continuous schedule of reinforcement and the schedule is simple to use. As a rule of thumb, it usually helps to reinforce the animal every time it does the behavior when it is learning the behavior. Later, when the behavior is well established, the trainer can switch to a partial or intermittent schedule. If Keller Breland (left) reinforces the dolphin every time the dolphin touches the ring with its nose, then Keller is using a continuous schedule.

Click on the thumbnail below to enlarge. Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement Schedule

With a partial (intermittent) schedule, only some of the instances of behavior are reinforced, not every instance. Behaviors are shaped and learned more slowly with a partial schedule of reinforcement (compared to a continuous schedule). However, behavior reinforced under a partial schedule is more resistant to extinction.

Partial schedules of reinforcement are based on either a time interval passing before the next availability of a reinforcer or it is based on how many target behaviors have occurred before the next instance of the behavior is reinforced. Schedules based on how many responses have occurred are referred to as ratio schedules and can be either fixed-ratio or variable-ratio schedules. Schedules based on elapsed time are referred to as interval schedules and can be either fixed-interval or variable-interval schedules.

Click on the thumbnail below to enlarge. Fixed Ratio (FR) Schedule

Ratio schedules involve reinforcement after a certain number of responses have been emitted. The fixed ratio schedule involves using a constant number of responses. For example, in the Buck Bunny commercial, if the bunny is always reinforced after moving exactly five coins into the bank, this would be an FR 5 schedule.

Click on the thumbnail below to enlarge. Variable Ratio (VR) Schedule

Ratio schedules involve reinforcement after an average number of responses have occurred. For example, the Fire Chief Rabbit's lever pulling, which made it appear that it was operating the fire truck, was reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule. Reinforcement occurred after an average of 3 pulls on the lever. Sometimes the reinforcer was delivered after 2 pulls, sometimes after 4 pulls, sometimes after 3 pulls, etc. If the "average" was about every 3 pulls, this would be a VR 3 schedule. Variable ratio schedules maintain high and steady rates of the desired behavior, and the behavior is very resistant to extinction.

Fixed Interval (FI) Schedule

Interval schedules involve reinforcement of a desired behavior after an interval of time has passed. In a fixed interval schedule, the interval of time is always the same. The Brelands and the Baileys did not use this type of schedule in their work. However, if Buck Bunny had been on an FI 30-second schedule, then the bunny would be reinforced the first time that a coin was placed in the bank after a 30-second interval had passed.

Variable Interval (VI) Schedule

Interval schedules involve reinforcement of a target behavior after an interval of time has passed. In a variable interval schedule, the interval of time is not always the same but centers around some average. If Buck Bunny is on a VI 30 seconds schedule, then the bunny would be reinforced the first time that a coin is placed in the bank after, on average, a 30-second interval has passed. Sometimes the bunny would be reinforced after the first coin drop after 25 seconds, sometimes after 35 seconds, etc. After an animal learns the schedule, the rate of behavior tends to be more steady than with a fixed interval schedule. Once again, the Brelands and the Baileys did not use this type of schedule.

Which behaviors is typically reinforced on a variable ratio schedule?

In operant conditioning, a variable-ratio schedule is a partial schedule of reinforcement in which a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses. 1 This schedule creates a steady, high rate of response. Gambling and lottery games are good examples of a reward based on a variable-ratio schedule.

Which of the following is an example of variable ratio reinforcement schedule?

In a variable ratio reinforcement schedule , the number of responses needed for a reward varies. This is the most powerful partial reinforcement schedule. An example of the variable ratio reinforcement schedule is gambling.

Which of the following statements describes a variable ratio schedule?

Which of the following statements describes a variable-ratio schedule? It rewards a behavior an average number of times but on an unpredictable basis.

Which pattern of responding would a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement produce?

Variable-ratio schedules occur when a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses. This schedule creates a high steady rate of responding. Tải thêm tài liệu liên quan đến nội dung bài viết Which of the following behaviors is typically reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule