Mẹo Are defined as collections of related tasks that receive inputs and produce outputs?
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Nội dung chính Show- What are collections of related tasks that receive inputs and produce outputs?Is defined as a collection of activities?What shows the tasks dates and dependencies for the tasks of a project?Which of the following are the four dimensions of feasibility?
Q1: How are business processes, IS, and applications developed?
Application: combination of hardware, software, and data components that accomplishes a set of requirements.
- Ensure operations department verifies product is
available and can be delivered on requested schedule.Check with Accounting to verify credit required to process the order.Check with your boss, a sales manager, to approve any special terms the customer might request (discounts, không lấy phí shipping, extended return policy, and so forth).
Q2: How do organizations use business process management (BPM)?
- Business process – a network of activities, repositories, roles, resources, and flows that interact to
accomplish a business function.Activities – a collections of related tasks that receive inputs and produce outputs.Repository – a collection of something.Inventory – a physical repository.Database – a data repository.Fundamentally, there are three reasons: to improve process quality, to adapt to changes in technology, and to adapt to changes in business fundamentals.
Q3: How is business process modeling notation (BPMN) used to model processes?
StartEndActivity (+ indicates subprocess defined)Decision or GatewayDataControl Flow / Data FlowQ4: What are the phases in the systems development life cycle (SDLC)?
The systems development life cycle (SDLC) is the traditional process used to develop information systems and applications.
Define SystemDetermine RequirementsDesign System ComponentsImplement SystemMaintain SystemQ5: What are the keys for successful SDLC projects?
- Create a work breakdown structureEstimate time and costsCreate a project planAdjust the plan via trade-offsManage development challenges
Q6: How can scrum overcome the problems of the SDLC?
The waterfall method assumes that once you’ve finished a phase, you never go back; you go over the waterfall into the pool of the next stage. Requirements are done. Then you do design. Design is done; then you implement.
Chapter 10 is about the Development Processes.
How business processes, IS, and Applications are developed
Activities in a business process often involve information systems. Each of these information systems contains a software component. Developing software nearly always involves the data component and it often involves the specification and characteristics of hardware (e.g., mobile devices). Consequently, we define the term application to mean a combination of hardware, software, and data components that accomplishes a set of requirements.
Business processes, information systems, and applications have different characteristics.The relationship of business processes to information systems is many-to-many, or N: M. A business process does not need to relate to any information system, but an information system relates to least one business process.Every IS has least one application because every IS has a software component.Many different processes have been tried for the development of processes, IS, and applications. This chapter investigates three of these, which are: business process management (BPM), systems development life cycle (SDLC), and scrum. BPM is a technique used to create new business processes and to manage changes to existing processes. SLDC is a process that can be used to develop both information systems and applications. Scrum is a new development process that was created to overcome the problems that occur when using SDLC. Scrum is generic enough that it can be used for development (and adaption) of business processes, information systems, and applications.
A business analyst is someone who is well versed in Porter’s models and in the organizations strategies and who focuses on ensuring that business processes and information’s systems meet the organization’s competitive strategies. They focus mainly on Business Process management. Systems Analysts are IS professionals who understand both business and information technology. They focus primarily on Information System Development processes. The final process is Application Development and the personnel most active in this process are programmers, database designers, test personnel, hardware specialists, and system analysts.
How organizations use Business Process Management (BPM)
A business process is defined as a network of activities, repositories, roles, resources, and flows that interact to accomplish a business function. Activities are collections of related tasks that receive inputs and produce outputs.
- Activities: collections of related tasks that receive inputs and product outputsRepository: a collection of something; an inventory is a physical repository
and a database is a data repository.Roles: Collections of activitiesResources: People or computer applications that are assigned to roles.Flows: either a control flow that directs the order of activities, or a data flow that shows the movement of data among activities and repositories.
Business processes need management for three primary reasons: to improve process quality, to adapt to changes in technology, and to adapt to changes in business fundamentals. Process quality has two dimensions, either efficiency (use of resources) or effectiveness (accomplish strategy). The need to change or improve a process comes about if it has efficiency or effectiveness problems. Change in technology is also a reason for managing processes. When new technology changes any of processes’ activities in a significant way, the entire process needs to be reevaluated. The third reason for managing business processes is a change in business fundamentals. The need for a change can come about if any of the following factors experience a substantial change: Market, Product lines, Supply chain, Company policy, Company organizations (Merger, acquisition, etc.), Internationalization, Business environment.
Effective BPM activities enable organizations to attain continuous process improvement. A business process management (BPM) is a cyclical process for systematically creating, assessing, and altering business processes. This cycle begins by creating a model of the existing business process, called an as-is model. Then business users who are involved in the process and business systems analysts evaluate that model and make improvements. The second activity in the BPM process is to create components. This involves a team designing changes to the business process a depth sufficient for implementation. Implementing the new or changed process is the third activity in BPM. Here process actors are trained on the activities that they will perform and on the IS procedures that they will use. Once the process has been implemented, well-managed organizations don’t stop there. Instead, they create policy, procedures, and committees to continually assess business process effectiveness. The Information Systems Audit and Control Association have created a set of standard practices called COBIT (Control Objectives for Information and related Technology) that is often used in the assessment stage of the BPM cycle. When the assessment process indicates that a significant need for change has arisen, the BPM cycle is repeated and adjusted. New process models are developed, and components are created, implemented, and assessed.
How the Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN) is used to Model Process
One of the four stages of BPM, and possibly the most important stage, is to model business processes. These models are a blueprint for understanding the current process, and designing new versions of processes. They also set the stage for the requirements for any information systems and applications that need to be created or adapted.
The phases in the Systems development Life Cycle (SDLC)
The systems development life cycle (SDLC) is the traditional process used to develop information’s systems and applications. SDLC uses a five-phase process:
Define System: Define the goals and scope of the new information system.Determine Requirements: Developers identify the particular features and functions of the new system, also known as requirements analysis.Design System Components: Typically, the team designs each component by developing alternatives, evaluating each of those alternatives against the requirements, and then selecting from among those alternatives. Implement System: The term implementation has two meanings for us. It could mean to implement the information systems components only, or it could mean to implement the information system and the business processes that use the system.Maintains System: With regard to information systems, maintenance is a misnomer; the work done during the phase is either to fix the system so that it works correctly or to adapt it to changes in requirements.The keys for successful SDLC projects
The five keys to success are:
- Create a work breakdown structure: The key strategy is to divide and conquer. Successful project managers break the project into smaller tasks until each task is small enough to estimate and manage. Every task should culminate in one or more results called deliverables.Estimate time and costs: Avoid scheduling problems altogether and never
develop systems and software in-house. If no suitable package exists then companies can admit the impossibility of scheduling a date for the completion of the entire system and take the best result they can get. The third approach is to attempt to schedule the development project in spite of all the difficulties.Create a project plan: Given dependencies, estimates for task duration and resource requirements are applied to the WBS to form a project plan.Adjust he plan
via trade-offs: considering trade-offs can responsibly reduce Schedules and costs. A trade-off is a balancing of three critical factors: requirements, cost, and time.Manage development challenges: Four critical factors need to be considered which are Coordination, Diseconomies of scale, Configuration control, and unexpected events.
How Scrum can overcome the problems of the SDLC
SDLC has two main problems, which is why it is falling out of favor in the systems development community. First, the nature of the SDLC denies what every experienced developer knows to be true: system requirements are fuzzy and always changing. The second reason is that SDLC is risky. The people for whom the system is being constructed for cannot see what they have until the very end.
Scrum is gaining traction since it is an agile technique that conforms to the principles of:
- Expect, even welcome, changes in
requirementsFrequently deliver working version of the productWork closely with customer for the durationDesign as you goTest as you goTeam knows best how it’s doing/how to changeCan be used for business processes, information systems, and applications development.
A development process that conforms to all of these principles is known as agile development, with Scrum being one example.
Development Processes in the future
Process and systems development will evolve in the future in four important ways. First, we will see a continued focus on aligning business processes and information systems with business strategy, goals, and objectives. Second, computer systems will be more easily changed and adapted in the future. Third is substantially more innovation as elastic cloud computing allows prototypes, and even finished systems, to be constructed in the cloud within very small hardware budgets. Finally, there will be new software vendor business models. For example MindBody, who licenses their full-service applications to workout studios. The license fees are almost non-existent and instead MindBody earns a small amount on every customer transaction. This way the software vendor’s business model is aligned with their customers of their application.
What are collections of related tasks that receive inputs and produce outputs?
In a business process, roles are collections of related tasks that receive inputs and produce outputs. A data flow is the movement of data from one activity or another, or from an activity to a repository, or the reverse.Is defined as a collection of activities?
In a business process, roles are collections of activities. In a business process, only a single resource is assigned to a role.What shows the tasks dates and dependencies for the tasks of a project?
A Gantt chart shows tasks, dates, and dependencies.Which of the following are the four dimensions of feasibility?
The 4 elements of a feasibility analysis There are four main elements that go into a feasibility study: technical feasibility, financial feasibility, market feasibility (or market fit), and operational feasibility. Tải thêm tài liệu liên quan đến nội dung bài viết Are defined as collections of related tasks that receive inputs and produce outputs?
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