Review What characteristic of research is observed when the researcher follows the step by step procedure of conducting a research study?
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Nội dung chính- Which of the characteristics of research states that all information and data are correct and honestly and appropriately documented and acknowledge?What characteristics of research states that research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using systematic method and procedures?Which characteristic of research is shown when all the data information is correct?What are the characteristics of a researcher?
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PART A: PRINCIPLES AND PLANNING FOR RESEARCH
1. Which of the following should not be a criterion for a good research project?
Demonstrates the abilities of the researcherIs dependent on the completion of other projectsDemonstrates the integration of different fields of knowledgeDevelops the skills of the researcherAnswer:
b. Is dependent on the completion of other projects
2. Which form of reasoning is the process of drawing a specific conclusion from a set of premises?
Objective reasoningPositivistic reasoningInductive reasoningDeductive reasoningAnswer:
d: Deductive reasoning
3. Research that seeks to examine the findings of a study by using the same design but a different sample is which of the following?
An exploratory studyA replication studyAn empirical studyHypothesis testingAnswer:
b: A replication study
4. A researcher designs an experiment to test how variables interact to influence job-seeking behaviours. The main purpose of the study was:
DescriptionPredictionExplorationExplanation5. Cyber bullying work is a growing threat to employee job satisfaction. Researchers want to find out why people do this and how they feel about it. The primary purpose of the study is:
DescriptionPredictionExplorationExplanation6. A theory:
Is an accumulated body toàn thân of knowledgeIncludes inconsequential ideasIs independent of research methodologyShould be viewed uncriticallyAnswer:
a: Is an accumulated body toàn thân of knowledge
7. Which research method is a bottom-up approach to research?
Deductive methodExplanatory methodInductive methodExploratory methodAnswer:
c: Inductive method
8. How much confidence should you place in a single research study?
You should trust research findings after different researchers have replicated the findingsYou should completely trust a single research studyNeither a nor bBoth a and bAnswer:
a: You should trust research findings after different researchers have replicated the findings
9. A qualitative research problem statement:
Specifies the research methods to be utilizedSpecifies a research hypothesisExpresses a relationship between variablesConveys a sense of emerging designAnswer:
d: Conveys a sense of emerging design
10. Which of the following is a good research question?
To produce a report on student job searching behavioursTo identify the relationship between self-efficacy and student job searching behavioursStudents with higher levels of self-efficacy will demonstrate more active job searching behavioursDo students with high levels of self-efficacy demonstrate more active job searching behaviours?Answer:
d: Do students with high levels of self-efficacy demonstrate more active job searching behaviours?
11. A review of the literature prior to formulating research questions allows the researcher to :
Provide an up-to-date understanding of the subject, its significance, and structureGuide the development of research questionsPresent the kinds of research methodologies used in previous studiesAll of the aboveAnswer:
d: All of the above
12. Sometimes a comprehensive review of the literature prior to data collection is not recommended by:
EthnomethodologyGrounded theorySymbolic interactionismFeminist theoryAnswer:
b: Grounded theory
13. The feasibility of a research study should be considered in light of:
Cost and time required to conduct the studyAccess to gatekeepers and respondentsPotential ethical concernsAll of the aboveAnswer:
d: All of the above
14. Research that uses qualitative methods for one phase and quantitative methods for the next phase is known as:
Action researchMixed-method researchQuantitative researchPragmatic researchAnswer:
b: Mixed-method research
15. Research hypotheses are:
Formulated prior to a review of the literatureStatements of predicted relationships between variablesB but not ABoth A and B16. Which research approach is based on the epistemological viewpoint of pragmatism?
Quantitative researchQualitative researchMixed-methods researchAll of the aboveAnswer:
c: Mixed-methods research
17. Adopting ethical principles in research means:
Avoiding harm to participantsThe researcher is anonymousDeception is only used when necessarySelected informants give their consentAnswer:
a: Avoiding harm to participants
18. A radical perspective on ethics suggests that:
Researchers can do anything they wantThe use of checklists of ethical actions is essentialThe powers of Institutional Review Boards should be strengthenedEthics should be based on self-reflexivityAnswer:
d: Ethics should be based on self-reflexivity
19. Ethical problems can arise when researching the Internet because:
Everyone has access to digital mediaRespondents may fake their identitiesResearchers may fake their identities Internet research has to be covertAnswer:
b: Respondents may fake their identities
20. The Kappa statistic:
Is a measure of inter-judge validityCompares the level of agreement between two judges against what might have been predicted by chanceRanges from 0 to +1Is acceptable above a score of 0.5Answer:
b: Compares the level of agreement between two judges against what might have been predicted by chance
PART B: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
1. Which research paradigm is most concerned about generalizing its findings?
Quantitative researchQualitative researchMixed-methods researchAll of the aboveAnswer:
a: Quantitative research
2. A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is called:
An intervening variableA dependent variableAn independent variableA numerical variableAnswer:
c: An independent variable
3. A study of teaching professionals posits that their performance-related pay increases their motivation which in turn leads to an increase in their job satisfaction. What kind of variable is ‘motivation”’ in this study?
Extraneous ConfoundingInterveningManipulated4. Which correlation is the strongest?
–1.00+80–60+055. When interpreting a correlation coefficient expressing the relationship between two variables, it is important not to:
Assume causalityMeasure the values for X and Y independentlyChoose X and Y values that are normally distributedCheck the direction of the relationshipAnswer:
a: Assume causality
6. Which of the following can be described as a nominal variable?
Annual incomeAgeAnnual salesGeographical location of a firmAnswer:
d: Geographical location of a firm
7. A positive correlation occurs when:
Two variables remain constantTwo variables move in the same directionOne variable goes up and the other goes downTwo variables move in opposite directionsAnswer:
b: Two variables move in the same direction
8. The key defining characteristic of experimental research is that:
The independent variable is manipulatedHypotheses are provedA positive correlation existsSamples are largeAnswer:
a: The independent variable is manipulated
9. Qualitative research is used in all the following circumstances, EXCEPT:
It is based on a collection of non-numerical data such as words and picturesIt often uses small samplesIt uses the inductive methodIt is typically used when a great giảm giá is already known about the topic of interestAnswer:
d: It is typically used when a great giảm giá is already known about the topic of interest
10. In an experiment, the group that does not receive the intervention is called:
The experimental groupThe participant groupThe control groupThe treatment groupAnswer:
c: The control group
11. Which generally cannot be guaranteed in conducting qualitative studies in the field?
Keeping participants from physical and emotional harmGaining informed consentAssuring anonymity rather than just confidentialityMaintaining consent formsAnswer:
c: Assuring anonymity rather than just confidentiality
12. Which of the following is not ethical practice in research with humans?
Maintaining participants’ anonymityGaining informed consentInforming participants that they are không lấy phí to withdraw any timeRequiring participants to continue until the study has been completedAnswer:
d: Requiring participants to continue until the study has been completed
13. What do we call data that are used for a new study but which were collected by an earlier researcher for a different set of research questions?
Secondary dataField notesQualitative dataPrimary dataAnswer:
a: Secondary data
14. When each thành viên of a population has an equal chance of being selected, this is called:
A snowball sampleA stratified sampleA random probability sampleA non-random sampleAnswer:
c: A random probability sample
15. Which of the following techniques yields a simple random sample of hospitals?
Randomly selecting a district and then sampling all hospitals within the districtNumbering all the elements of a hospital sampling frame and then using a random number generator to pick hospitals from the tableListing hospitals by sector and choosing a proportion from within each sector randomChoosing volunteer hospitals to participateAnswer:
b: Numbering all the elements of a hospital sampling frame and then using a random number generator to pick hospitals from the table
16. Which of the following statements are true?
The larger the sample size, the larger the confidence intervalThe smaller the sample size, the greater the sampling errorThe more categories being measured, the smaller the sample sizeA confidence level of 95 percent is always sufficientAnswer:
b: The smaller the sample size, the greater the sampling error
17. Which of the following will produce the least sampling error?
A large sample based on convenience sampling A small sample based on random samplingA large snowball sampleA large sample based on random samplingAnswer:
d: A large sample based on random sampling
18. When people are readily available, volunteer, or are easily recruited to the sample, this is called:
Snowball samplingConvenience samplingStratified samplingRandom samplingAnswer:
b: Convenience sampling
19. In qualitative research, sampling that involves selecting diverse cases is referred to as:
Typical-case samplingCritical-case samplingIntensity samplingMaximum variation samplingAnswer:
d: Maximum variation sampling
20. A test accurately indicates an employee’s scores on a future criterion (e.g., conscientiousness). What kind of validity is this?
PredictiveFaceContentConcurrentPART C: DATA COLLECTION METHODS
1. When designing a questionnaire it is important to do each of the following EXCEPT
Pilot the questionnaireAvoid jargonAvoid double questionsUse leading questionsAnswer:
d: Use leading questions
2. One advantage of using a questionnaire is that:
Probe questions can be askedRespondents can be put easeInterview bias can be avoidedResponse rates are always highAnswer:
c: Interview bias can be avoided
3. Which of the following is true of observations?
It takes less time than interviewsIt is often not possible to determine exactly why people behave as they doCovert observation raises fewer ethical concerns than overtAll of the aboveAnswer:
b: It is often not possible to determine exactly why people behave as they do
4. A researcher secretly becomes an active thành viên of a group in order to observe their behaviour. This researcher is acting as:
An overt participant observerA covert non-participant observerA covert participant observerNone of the aboveAnswer:
c: A covert participant observer
5. All of the following are advantages of structured observation, EXCEPT:
Results can be replicated a different timeThe coding schedule might impose a framework on what is being observedData can be collected that participants may not realize is importantData do not have to rely on the recall of participantsAnswer:
b: The coding schedule might impose a framework on what is being observed
6. When conducting an interview, asking questions such as: "What else? or ‘Could you expand on that?’ are all forms of:
Structured responsesCategory questionsProtocolsProbes7. Secondary data can include which of the following?
Government statisticsPersonal diariesOrganizational recordsAll of the aboveAnswer:
d: All of the above
8. An ordinal scale is:
The simplest form of measurementA scale with an absolute zero pointA rank-order scale of measurementA scale with equal intervals between ranksAnswer:
c: A rank-order scale of measurement
9. Which term measures the extent to which scores from a test can be used to infer or predict performance in some activity?
Face validityContent reliabilityCriterion-related validityConstruct validityAnswer:
c: Criterion-related validity
10. The ‘reliability’of a measure refers to the researcher asking:
Does it give consistent results?Does it measure what it is supposed to measure?Can the results be generalized?Does it have face reliability?Answer:
a: Does it give consistent results?
11. Interviewing is the favoured approach EXCEPT when:
There is a need for highly personalized dataIt is important to ask supplementary questionsHigh numbers of respondents are neededRespondents have difficulty with written language
Answer:
c: High numbers of respondents are needed
12. Validity in interviews is strengthened by the following EXCEPT:
Building rapport with intervieweesMultiple questions cover the same themeConstructing interview schedules that contain themes drawn from the literaturePrompting respondents to expand on initial responsesAnswer:
b: Multiple questions cover the same theme
13. Interview questions should:
Lead the respondentProbe sensitive issuesBe delivered in a neutral toneTest the respondents’ powers of memoryAnswer:
c: Be delivered in a neutral tone
14. Active listening skills means:
Asking as many questions as possibleAvoiding silencesKeeping to timeAttentive listeningAnswer:
d: Attentive listening
15. All the following are strengths of focus groups EXCEPT:
They allow access to a wide range of participantsDiscussion allows for the validation of ideas and viewsThey can generate a collective perspectiveThey help maintain confidentialityAnswer:
d: They help maintain confidentiality
16. Which of the following is not always true about focus groups?
The ideal size is normally between 6 and 12 participantsModerators should introduce themselves to the groupParticipants should come from diverse backgroundsThe moderator poses preplanned questionsAnswer:
c: Participants should come from diverse backgrounds
17. A disadvantage of using secondary data is that:
The data may have been collected with reference to research questions that are not those of the researcherThe researcher may bring more detachment in viewing the data than original researchers could musterData have often been collected by teams of experienced researchersSecondary data sets are often available and accessibleAnswer:
a: The data may have been collected with reference to research questions that are not those of the researcher
18. All of the following are sources of secondary data EXCEPT:
Official statisticsA television documentaryThe researcher’s research diaryA company’s annual reportAnswer:
c: The researcher’s research diary
19. Which of the following is not true about visual methods?
They are not reliant on respondent recallThe have low resource requirementsThey do not rely on words to capture what is happeningThey can capture what is happening in real timeAnswer:
b: The have low resource requirements
20. Avoiding naïve empiricism in the interpretation of visual data means:
Understanding the context in which they were producedEnsuring that visual images such as photographs are accurately takenOnly using visual images with other data gathering sourcesPlanning the capture of visual data carefullyAnswer:
a: Understanding the context in which they were produced
PART D: ANALYSIS AND REPORT WRITING
1. Which of the following is incorrect when naming a variable in SPSS?
Must begin with a letter and not a numberMust end in a full stopCannot exceed 64 charactersCannot include symbols such as ?, & and %Answer:
b: Must end in a full stop
2. Which of the following is not an SPSS Type variable?
WordNumericStringDate3. A graph that uses vertical bars to represent data is called:
A bar chartA pie chartA line graphA vertical graph4. The purpose of descriptive statistics is to:
Summarize the characteristics of a data setDraw conclusions from the dataNone of the aboveAll of the above
Answer:
a: Summarize the characteristics of a data set
5. The measure of the extent to which responses vary from the mean is called:
The modeThe normal distributionThe standard deviationThe varianceAnswer:
c: The standard deviation
6. To compare the performance of a group time T1 and then T2, we would use:
A chi-squared testOne-way analysis of varianceAnalysis of varianceA paired t-testAnswer:
d: A paired t-test
7. A Type 1 error occurs in a situation where:
The null hypothesis is accepted when it is in fact trueThe null hypothesis is rejected when it is in fact falseThe null hypothesis is rejected when it is in fact trueThe null hypothesis is accepted when it is in fact falseAnswer:
c: The null hypothesis is rejected when it is in fact true
8. The significance level
Is set after a statistical test is conductedIs always set 0.05Results in a p-valueMeasures the probability of rejecting a true null hypothesisAnswer:
d: Measures the probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis
9. To predict the value of the dependent variable for a new case based on the knowledge of one or more independent variables, we would use
Regression analysisCorrelation analysisKolmogorov-Smirnov testOne-way analysis of varianceAnswer:
a: Regression analysis
10. In conducting secondary data analysis, researchers should ask themselves all of the following EXCEPT:
Who produced the document?Is the material genuine?How can respondents be re-interviewed?Why was the document produced?Answer:
c: How can respondents be re-interviewed?
11. Which of the following are not true of reflexivity?
It recognizes that the researcher is not a neutral observerIt has mainly been applied to the analysis of qualitative dataIt is part of a post-positivist traditionA danger of adopting a reflexive stance is the researcher can become the focus of the studyAnswer:
c: It is part of a post-positivist tradition
12. Validity in qualitative research can be strengthened by all of the following EXCEPT:
Member checking for accuracy and interpretationTranscribing interviews to improve accuracy of dataExploring rival explanationsAnalysing negative casesAnswer:
b: Transcribing interviews to improve accuracy of data
13. Qualitative data analysis programs are useful for each of the following EXCEPT:
Manipulation of large amounts of dataExploring of the data against new dimensionsQuerying of dataGenerating codesAnswer:
d: Generating codes
14. Which part of a research report contains details of how the research was planned and conducted?
ResultsDesign IntroductionBackground15. Which of the following is a form of research typically conducted by managers and other professionals to address issues in their organizations and/or professional practice?
Action researchBasic researchProfessional researchPredictive researchAnswer:
a: Action research
16. Plagiarism can be avoided by:
Copying the work of others accuratelyParaphrasing the author’s text in your own wordsCut and pasting from the InternetQuoting directly without revealing the sourceAnswer:
b: Paraphrasing the author’s text in your own words
17. In preparing for a presentation, you should do all of the following EXCEPT:
Practice the presentationIgnore your nervesGet to know more about your audienceTake an advanced look, if possible, the facilitiesAnswer:
b: Ignore your nerves
18. You can create interest in your presentation by:
Using bullet pointsReading from notesMaximizing the use of animation effectsUsing metaphorsAnswer:
d: Using metaphors
19. In preparing for a viva or similar oral examination, it is best if you have:
Avoided citing the examiner in your thesisMade exaggerated claims on the basis of your dataPublished and referenced your own article(s)Tried to memorize your workAnswer:
c: Published and referenced your own article(s)
20. Grounded theory coding:
Makes use of a priori concepts from the literatureUses open coding, selective coding, then axial codingAdopts a deductive stanceStops when theoretical saturation has been reachedAnswer:
d: Stops when theoretical saturation has been reached
Which of the characteristics of research states that all information and data are correct and honestly and appropriately documented and acknowledge?
Accuracy. it must give correct or accurate data, which the footnotes, notes, and bibliographical entries should honestly and appropriately documented or acknowledged.. Objectiveness. ... . Timeliness. ... . Relevance. ... . Clarity. ... . Systematic. ... . Empirical. ... . Logical..What characteristics of research states that research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using systematic method and procedures?
Characteristics of Research 6. Methodical – research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using systematic method and procedures. 7. Replicability – research design and procedures are repeated to enable the researcher to arrive valid and conclusive results.Which characteristic of research is shown when all the data information is correct?
Accuracy. As the name implies, this data quality characteristic means that information is correct. To determine whether data is accurate or not, ask yourself if the information reflects a real-world situation.What are the characteristics of a researcher?
Characteristics of a Researcher. Curiosity.. Organisational Skills.. Open Mindedness.. Determination & Persistence.. Acting Logically.. Patience.. Trustworthiness – acting with integrity.. Self-reliance.. Tải thêm tài liệu liên quan đến nội dung bài viết What characteristic of research is observed when the researcher follows the step by step procedure of conducting a research study?
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