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Dương Anh Sơn đang tìm kiếm từ khóa What is the main difference between a special district and a country? được Cập Nhật vào lúc : 2022-09-20 02:02:05 . Với phương châm chia sẻ Bí kíp về trong nội dung bài viết một cách Chi Tiết Mới Nhất. Nếu sau khi đọc Post vẫn ko hiểu thì hoàn toàn có thể lại Comment ở cuối bài để Ad lý giải và hướng dẫn lại nha.Special districts (also known as special service districts, special district governments, limited purpose entities, or special-purpose districts[failed verification]) are independent, special-purpose governmental units that exist separately from local governments such as county, municipal, and township governments, with substantial administrative and fiscal independence. They are formed to perform a single function or a set of related functions.[1] The term special district governments as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau excludes school districts.[1] In 2022, the U.S. had more than 51,296 special district governments.[2]
Nội dung chính- Census definition[edit]Characteristics[edit]Governing
body toàn thân[edit]Functions[edit]Legal
basis[edit]State law[edit]Public
foundation[edit]Civil
office[edit]Accountability[edit]History[edit]English
custom[edit]Trends[edit]Examples[edit]See also[edit]References[edit]Further
reading[edit]External links[edit]How do special districts differ from other forms of local government?What is a feature of a special district?What is the most common example of a special district?Why are special purpose districts created?
Census definition[edit]
The United States Census counts government units across all States. This includes "special districts." To count the special districts the Census must define the special districts so as to address all such governmental entities across the broad spectrum of 50 states' definitions and interpretations. The Census's full definition is:
Special district governments are independent, special purpose governmental units, other than school district governments, that exist as separate entities with substantial administrative and fiscal independence from general purpose local governments. As defined for Census Bureau statistics on governments, the term ‘‘special district governments’’ excludes school district governments as they are defined as a separate governmental type.
Special district governments provide specific services that are not being supplied by existing general purpose governments. Most perform a single function, but in some instances, their enabling legislation allows them to provide several, usually related, types of services. The services provided by these districts range from such basic social needs as hospitals and fire protection, to the less conspicuous tasks of mosquito abatement and upkeep of cemeteries.
The Census Bureau classification of special district governments covers a wide variety of entities, most of which are officially called districts or authorities. Not all public agencies so termed, however, represent separate governments. Many entities that carry the designation ‘‘district’’ or ‘‘authority’’ are, by law, so closely related to county, municipal, town or township, or state governments that they are classified as subordinate agencies of those governments in Census Bureau statistics on governments, and are not counted as separate special district governments.
In order to be classified as a special district government, rather than as a subordinate agency, an entity must possess three attributes—existence as an organized entity, governmental character, and substantial autonomy. Each state description also lists various statutory authorities, commissions, corporations, and other forms of organizations that have certain governmental characteristics, but are subject by law to administrative or fiscal control by the state or by independent local governments; therefore, they are classified as subordinate agencies of those governments.[3]
Characteristics[edit]
Special districts serve limited areas and have governing boards that accomplish legislatively assigned functions using public funds.[4]
Governing body toàn thân[edit]
Each district is governed by a board of directors, commissioners, board of supervisors, or the like. These boards may be appointed by public officials, appointed by private entities, popularly elected, or elected by benefited citizens (typically, property owners). Sometimes, one or more public officials will serve as an ex officio thành viên on the board.
The board of a special district serves primarily as a managing board and often appoints a chief executive for day-to-day operations and decision making and policy implementation. In the New England states, special districts are often run in the same town meeting fashion as other local governments. Most districts have employees,[5] but some districts exist solely to raise funds by issuing bonds and/or by providing tax increment financing.
Functions[edit]
Special districts perform many functions including airports, ports, highways, mass transit, parking facilities, fire protection, libraries, parks, cemeteries, hospitals, irrigation, conservation, sewerage, wastewater treatment, solid waste, fiber optic systems, stadiums, water supply, electric power, and natural gas utility.[6][7]
Legal basis[edit]
Special districts are authorized by state law and must have public foundation, civil office, and public accountability.
State law[edit]
Special districts in the United States are founded by some level of government in accordance with state law [8] (either constitutional amendment, general law, or special acts)[9] and exist in all states. Special districts are legally separate entities with least some corporate powers.[10] Districts are created by legislative action, court action, or public referendum. The procedures for creating a special district may include procedures such as petitions, hearings, voter or landowner approval, or government approval. Tribal governments may create special districts pursuant to state law and may serve on the boards of special districts.
Public foundation[edit]
Special districts, like all public entities, have public foundation.[11][12][13] The landmark case of the U.S. Supreme Court addressing public versus private charters was Dartmouth College v. Woodward in 1819.[14] Dartmouth established the fundamental differences between public and private organizations. Critically, a government must be founded by all of the people of a governmental area or by their governmental representatives.[14][15][16][17][18][19][20]
Civil office[edit]
Special districts possess some form of civil office, that is, the board has received a delegation of sovereign power from the state.[21] Some boards may be appointed by only landowners.[22][23] Private entities may appoint some or all of the members of a special district;[24][25][26] however, there must be evidence of civil office. In addition to special districts with privately appointed boards, a special district may have a privately founded board;[27] however, such a board could not be given the power to set a tax.
Accountability[edit]
There is a citizen-government fiscal accountability relationship.[28] To maintain accountability for special districts, states must maintain ultimate control (the power to repeal the authorizing law any time).[29][30][31][32][33][34] Due to public foundation and, thus, ultimate control, the state can freely delegate sovereign power (such as the power to tax) to special districts and can allow them to act autonomously with little supervision.
History[edit]
There is little information available on the earliest special districts in the United States. It is known that park districts existed in the 18th century. Toll road and canal corporations existed in the 19th century.[35] The first general statute authorizing irrigation districts was adopted by California in 1887.[36] The U.S. Census Bureau began identifying and collecting data on special districts in 1942.[37]
English custom[edit]
Special districts in the United States follow the English custom. The earliest known general law in England authorizing special purpose authorities was the Statute of Sewers of 1532.[38] Single purpose authorities created by individual charters also existed the time.[38] However, the early authorities were temporary and unconnected to local government structure.[39] The first laws authorizing permanent authorities connected to local governments were the Incorporated Guardians of the Poor, which were created by special acts in the 17th century.[40] Turnpike trusts were an early and popular special purpose authority in England.[41] Internal drainage boards are current examples in parts of England and Wales.
Trends[edit]
The state of Illinois leads the nation in the number of special districts with California close behind.[42] State counts of their special districts may differ from the federal count because the states may have different definitions of a special district than the U.S. Census Bureau.[35]
Examples[edit]
All of the following examples have been found by the U.S. Census Bureau to be special districts.[42] See the Census of Governments Government Organization publications a depository library or visit https://www.census.gov and select Governments Division.
- Alabama: Alabama Municipal
Electric Authority (special act)Alaska: regional electrical authorities (general law)Arizona: drainage districts (general law)Arkansas: fire ant abatement districts (general law)CaliforniaColorado: more than 4,000
special districtsConnecticut: Pomperaug Valley Water Authority (special act)Delaware: tax ditches (general law)Florida: manyGeorgia: airport authorities (special acts)Hawaii: Office of Hawaiian Affairs (constitutional amendment)Idaho: auditorium districts (general law)IllinoisIndiana: Northwest Indiana Regional Development Authority (special act)Iowa: library districts (joint or regional) (general law)Kansas: industrial districts (general law)Kentucky: Louisville-Jefferson County Air Pollution Control District (general law with special application)Louisiana: levee districts (general law),
Abbeville Film and Visitors Commission District (special act)Maine: cemetery districts (special acts)Maryland: water and sewer authorities (general law)Massachusetts: Goose Pond Maintenance District (special act)Michigan: recreation authorities (general law)Minnesota: Metropolitan Mosquito Control District (special act)Mississippi: lighting districts (special acts)Missouri: Jackson County Sports Complex Authority (special act)
Montana: county rail authorities (general law)Nebraska: Omaha Metropolitan Utilities District (general law with special application)New Hampshire: housing authorities (general law)New Jersey: Port Authority of Tp New York and New Jersey and
New Jersey Turnpike Authority - 1948 law (joint or regional) (general law)New Mexico: cotton boll weevil control districts (general law)Tp New York: Hyde Park Fire and Water District (special act)North
Carolina: Research Triangle Regional Public Transit Authority (special act)North Dakota: vector control districts (general law)OhioOklahoma: public library systems (general law)Oregon: geothermal heating districts, port authorities -1909 (general law), 34 types in total[43]Pennsylvania: Philadelphia Regional Port Authority (special act)Rhode Island: East Providence Special Development District Commission (special act)South Carolina: Myrtle Beach Air Base Redevelopment Authority (executive order)South Dakota: television translator districts (general law)Tennessee: utility districts (general law)Texas: Palacios
Seawall Commission (special act)Utah: irrigation districts (general law)Vermont: Vermont Public Power Supply Authority (special act)Virginia: Buchanan County Tourist Train Development Authority (special act)Washington: hydroelectric resources authorities (general law)West Virginia: Hatfield-McCoy Regional Recreation Authority (special act)Wisconsin: local professional baseball park districts (general law)Wyoming: resort districts
(general law)
See also[edit]
- DistrictJoint
powers authorityLocal government in the United StatesPublic-benefit nonprofit corporationSpecial districts in Illinois
References[edit]
^ a b U.S. Census Bureau (2002). 2002 Census of Governments, Vol 1, Number 1, Government Organization, GC02(1)-1 (PDF). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. vii–viii.^ "Number of Local Governments by State". www.governing.com. Retrieved 2022-01-06.^ "2007 United States Census - Individual State Descriptions - Census of Government" (PDF). p. 6. Retrieved 2022-06-22.^ Mitzanry, K, & Manatt, A. (2002, February).What's so special about special districts? A citizen's guide to special districts in California. 3rd. ed. p. 2.^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-07-22. Retrieved 2022-12-06.cite web: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-07-24. Retrieved 2022-12-06.cite web: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)^ Burns, N. The formation of American local governments: Private values in public institutions. Oxford University Press, 1994, p. 14.^ U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations. (1993, March). State laws governing local government structure and administration. page 7.^ Mitzanry, K, & Manatt, A. (2002, February) What's so special about special districts? A citizen's guide to special districts in California. 3rd. ed. p. 4.^ U.S. Census Bureau (2002). 2002 Census of Governments, Vol 1, Number 1, Government Organization, GC02(1)-1 (PDF). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. ix.^ 15A Am Jur 2d Colleges and Universities § 2^ 16B Am Jur 2d Constitutional Law § 723^ 4B M.J. CORPORATIONS § 26^ a b Newmyer, R. K. John Marshall and heroic age of the Supreme Court. Louisiana State University Press: Baton Rouge, 2001, pp. 244-253.^ Allen v. McKean, 1 F. Cas. 489 (1833)^ Louisville v. University of Louisville, 54 Ky. 642 (June 1855)^ Ohio v. Neff, 52 Ohio St. 375, 40 N.E. 720 (1895)^ Currie, D. P. (1982, Fall). The Constitution in the Supreme Court: State and Congressional powers, 1801-1835. University of Chicago Law Review. 49 U. Chi. L. Rev. 887.^ Opinion No. 84-134, 1984 Okla. AG LEXIS 17^ Opinion No. 1007, 1994 Minn. AG LEXIS 2^ Commissioner v. Shamberg's Estate, 144 F.2d 998 (1945)^ Mitzanry, K, & Manatt, A. (2002, February).What's so special about special districts? A citizen's guide to special districts in California. 3rd. ed. p. 7 (box).^ Burns, N. The formation of American local governments: Private values in public institutions. Oxford University Press, 1994, p. 12.^ Scholle v. Maryland 90 Md. 729, 46 A. 736 (1900)^ Marks v. Frantz, 179 Ky. 638 (1956)^ Palm Beach County Health Care District v. Everglades Memorial Hospital 658 So. 2d 577 (Fla. 1995) ^ Sharpless v. Mayor 21 Pa. 147 (1853)^ Mead, D. M. (Winter 2002). The role of GASB 34 in the citizen-government accountability relationship. State and Local Government Review. Vol 34, No. 1 51-63.^ Hess V. Port Authority Trans-Hudson Corporation, 513 U.S. 30, 115 S. Ct. 394, 130 L. Ed. 2d 245 (1994)^ Meriwether v. Garrett, 102 U.S. 472, 26 L. Ed. 197 (1880)^ Palm Beach County Health Care District v. Everglades Memorial Hospital, 658 So. 2d 577 (Fla. 1995)^ Hess v. Port Authority Trans-Hudson Corporation, 513 U.S. 30,115 S. Ct. 394, 130 L. Ed. 2d 245 (1994)^ Vogt v. Orleans Levee District, 294 F.3d 684 (5th Cir. 2002)^ Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U.S. 533, 84 S. Ct. 136, 12 L. Ed. 2d 506 (1964)^ a b Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations. (1964, May). The problem special districts in American government. Washington, DC UNT Digital Library^ Bollens, J. C. (1957). Special district government in the United States. University of California Press, pp. 142-144.^ under construction^ a b Webb, S.(1922). English local government: Statutory authorities for special purposes. p. 61.^ Webb, S.(1922). English local government: Statutory authorities for special purposes. p. 300.^ Webb, S.(1922). English local government: Statutory authorities for special purposes. p. 299.^ Webb, S.(1922). English local government: Statutory authorities for special purposes.^ a b U.S. Census Bureau 2012 Census of Governments Governments Organization^ "What is a Special District?" (PDF). Special Districts Association of Oregon. p. 1. Retrieved July 2, 2022.Further reading[edit]
- Friedman, L. M. A history of American law. (3rd). Simon & Schuster: Tp New York. 2005.Krane, D., Rigos, P. N., and Hill, M. B. trang chủ rule in America: A fifty-state handbook. CQ Press. 2001.Mergent's Municipal and Government ManualZimmerman,
J. F. The New England town meeting. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1997.
External links[edit]
- A Citizen's Guide to Special Districts in California Archived 2011-07-04 the Wayback MachineCalifornia Special Districts AssociationSpecial Districts Association of OregonOregon Special Districts Fact SheetsU.S. Census
BureauU.S. Census Bureau/Governments Organization/Volume 1Government Accounting Standards Board2006 Government Finance and Employment
Classification Manual, U.S. Census Bureau2007 Governments Integrated Directory, U.S. Census BureauIRS tax-exempt bond information
Archived 2012-08-25 the Wayback MachineMunicipal Research and Services Center of WashingtonFlorida Department of Economic Opportunity, Special District Accountability ProgramState and Local Government Review - current and past issuesBloomberg NewsLast Week Tonight with John Oliver: Special Districts (HBO)
How do special districts differ from other forms of local government?
Counties and cities are general purpose governments. Counties and cities perform a broad array of services to protect the health, safety, and welfare of their citizens. Special districts are limited purpose governments. They can provide only the services allowed by state law and supported by their residents.What is a feature of a special district?
Special districts are a type of local government that delivers specific public services within defined boundaries. Special districts deliver highly diverse services including water, electricity, mosquito abatement, and fire protection. Most special districts serve just a single purpose, such as sewage treatment.What is the most common example of a special district?
Single-function special districts are the most common type, examples of which include school building authorities, libraries, hospitals, health, highways, air transportation, fire protection, drainage or flood control, irrigation, sewerage, solid-waste management, water supply, cemeteries, and mosquito abatement.Why are special purpose districts created?
Special districts are local governments created by the people of a community to deliver specialized services essential to their health, safety, economy and well-being. Tải thêm tài liệu liên quan đến nội dung bài viết What is the main difference between a special district and a country? Special district examples
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