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These Key Specialized and Functional Testing TypesSoftware testing strategyFunctional testing typesSpecialized testing typesWhat form of testing involves viewing the software unit as a device that has expected input and output behaviors but whose internal workings are unknown quizlet?When forced to choose between adding more user features and doing more testing most software companies decide in favor of more testing?When developing safety
Learn These Key Specialized and Functional Testing Types
In software testing, the big picture often overshadows the individual details. To fully optimize quality assurance efforts, teams must understand the various types of functional and specialty testing. Knowing when to use techniques like unit testing, integration testing and system testing is essential to releasing high-quality software products.
Once the team grasps these functional testing types, it can allocate
time and resources where appropriate. It’s difficult to achieve a high percentage of test coverage, even when the team takes advantage of automated and manual testing. These types of functional tests help organizations ensure digital products meet requirements from the code level all the way up to the system as a whole. Spread testing throughout the software development life cycle — and apply it continuously — to
release high-quality products that deliver a positive user experience.
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Read NowOrganizations looking to boost quality can also deploy some specialized testing techniques that include a mix of different non-functional and functional testing types designed around a particular kind of platform. Applause specializes in digital testing programs geared toward a particular platform or purpose. These testing programs
incorporate various functional tests to achieve exceptional results.
First, we’ll discuss how various types of functional tests come together in an overall strategy, then we’ll dig into each one.
Software testing strategy
The ultimate goal of functional testing is to ensure that software works according to specifications and in line with user expectations. While the objective sounds simple, the task involves many functional testing types, some of which might be preferred or prioritized over others depending on the nature of the application and organization.
For example, functional testing types like component, integration and system testing validate the ability to work in isolation or with other components, so the testing strategy might depend on how interoperable the app must be. Similarly, if an organization performs system testing, it might not perform acceptance testing, as that work might be considered redundant. Another example: alpha, beta and production testing all describe builds that are in a production environment. Your choice between these functional testing types — or how the scale of people involved in each stage — might depend on the stability of the app, the scope of the changes, or timelines set by the business.
The following functional testing types, therefore, are neither intended to be used sequentially nor for every application. Consider the advantages and disadvantages of each type of functional test, as well as the time and resources available to commit to QA.
Functional testing types
Let’s explore these types of functional tests with examples:
Unit testing
Component testing
Smoke testing
Sanity testing
Regression testing
Integration testing
API testing
UI testing
System testing
White-box testing
Black-box testing
Acceptance testing
Alpha testing
Beta testing
Production testing
Unit testing. Before you can test an entire software program, make sure the individual parts work properly on their own. Unit testing validates the function of a unit, ensuring that the inputs (one to a few) result in the lone desired output. This testing type provides the foundation for more complex integrated software. When done right, unit testing drives higher quality application code and speeds up the development process. Developers often execute unit tests through test automation.
Unit testing example: A developer builds a calculator app. A unit test would check whether the user can input two numbers and receive an accurate sum. Separate unit tests would validate other calculator functionality, such as subtraction, multiplication and division.
Component testing. Also called module testing, component testing checks individual parts of an application. Similar to unit testing, component testing assesses a part of the software in isolation from the broader system. The difference between unit testing and component testing is that the former is done by developers in a white-box format to verify that program modules execute, while the latter is done by testers in a black-box format to validate individual objects or parts of the software. If other software components rely on the component under test, the QA professional might use a stub and driver to simulate interactions between those dependent components.
Component testing example: A banking mobile app includes an option to schedule an appointment with a banking professional. The stub provides a simulated user profile, and the driver provides a simulated schedule of available appointment times. In this functional testing example, the middle component — the one under test — finds the user’s location via GPS and displays local banking centers from which they can choose. By testing this component in isolation, the tester can ensure that the geolocation service works correctly and displays an accurate list of nearby locations.
Smoke testing. Smoke testing, a type of acceptance testing, provides an initial check that a new software build and its critical functionality are stable. If the smoke tests pass, the build can undergo further testing. Smoke testing, also called build verification testing, often checks whether new or critical functionality meets its objective. If the tests don’t pass, as the saying goes, “where there’s smoke, there’s fire,” and additional dev work is required.
Smoke testing example: A web app for an insurance company adds a claims status page. Testers would apply smoke tests to verify that the existing build works on a fundamental level, such as whether a user can successfully log in, navigate to the claims status page and retrieve the status of a specific claim without the app crashing or malfunctioning.
Sanity testing. A type of regression testing, QA professionals perform sanity testing on new versions of stable builds to validate either new functionality or bug fixes. While similar to smoke testing in that both provide a gate check that a build is ready for more testing, sanity testing is unscripted and specifically targets the area that has undergone a code change.
Sanity testing example: A web page for a telehealth provider returns a 404 error for its mental health page. The developers fix the issue, then commit the build for testing. The QA professional performs a sanity check to determine whether the basic functionality and navigation for that specific page work as intended.
Regression testing. Just because functional tests pass once doesn’t mean they’ll always pass. When developers commit new code or change a feature, you run regression tests to make sure the software still functions as expected. Regression testing helps maintain a stable product while changes are made to it. Regression tests are often automated.
Regression testing example: A clothing retailer adds the ability to pay with customer rewards points on their mobile app. Testers might perform regression tests on other existing functionality, such as the ability to pay with credit cards and gift cards, to make sure all forms of payment work correctly.
Integration testing. Integration testing is often done in concert with unit testing. Through integration testing, QA professionals verify that individual modules of code work together properly as a group. Many modern applications run on microservices, self-contained applications that are designed to handle a specific task. These microservices must be able to communicate with each other, or the application won’t work as intended. Through integration testing, testers ensure these components operate and communicate together seamlessly.
Integration testing example: A credit card company includes a page where a customer can request a credit increase, which is a separate code base from login functionality. Testers might perform integration tests to make sure the system remembers the user after they navigate to the credit increase page, and again after a successful request.
API testing. Application programming interfaces connect different applications or systems, and they are growing in popularity as consumers expect apps to interoperate. With API testing, testers validate that API connections and responses function as intended, including how they handle data and user permissions.
API testing example: A travel booking site might pull pricing data from an airline company’s database via APIs. Through API testing, QA professionals can verify that the correct data type is returned in the local currency and responsive to changes in date and location.
UI testing. With UI testing, QA professionals interact with the graphical interface of a software program. This includes testing of UI controls like buttons, menus and text input to ensure that the experience flow and features chosen are optimal for the user experience.
UI testing example: A wearables maker creates a mobile app for product setup and maintenance. As part of UI testing, the team would make sure that required fields function as expected, images display correctly and maintenance information appears in the app dashboard after use.
System testing. With system testing, QA professionals test the software in its entirety, as a complete product. With this type of functional testing, testers validate the complete and integrated software package to make sure it meets requirements. Where necessary, testers can provide feedback on the functionality and performance of the app or website without prior knowledge of how it was programmed. This helps teams develop test cases to be used moving forward. System testing is also referred to as end-to-end testing.
System testing example: An automobile manufacturer produces an in-car entertainment system that gives users functionality for voice control, GPS, a video player, Bluetooth connectivity, mobile phone pairing, touch-screen support and climate control. Testers would assess all of these features individually, but they must also test them as a complete system to ensure interoperability and a good user experience.
White-box testing. When the software’s internal infrastructure, code and design are visible to the developer or tester, that refers to white-box testing. This approach incorporates various functional testing types, including unit, integration and system testing. In a white-box testing approach, the organization tests several aspects of the software, such as predefined inputs and expected outputs, as well as decision branches, loops and statements in the code.
White box testing example: In this functional testing example, consider an end-to-end test for a customer who adds payment information to a retailer’s app. Developers and testers would conduct tests in a white-box format to ensure that sensitive data, such as a credit card number, is stored in a PCI-compliant manner. White-box tests might also ensure that purchase information flows to a machine learning algorithm to generate predictions, the purchase correctly generates rewards points, and the inventory system deducts the items from the stock count.
Black-box testing. Contrary to white-box testing, black-box testing involves testing against a system where the internal code, paths and infrastructure are not visible. Thus, testers use this method to validate expected outputs against specific inputs. Any time where a QA professional doesn’t look into the code before testing can be considered black box. With black-box testing, the organization can test the software in the same way a customer would experience it. Black-box testing encompasses a variety of non-functional and functional testing types, depending on the objective of the test.
Black box testing example: On a streaming television platform, the tester toggles the search functionality and executes a search for a specific actor. The tester then verifies that the search feature returns logical (expected) outputs, including television shows that the actor appeared in, or suggested titles similar to that actor’s well-known works.
Acceptance testing. The purpose of acceptance testing is purely to ensure that the end user can achieve the goals set in the business requirements. Rather than focus on functionality of specific features, acceptance testing involves reviewing the feature-complete application flow and end-to-end experience. User acceptance testing (UAT) and beta testing, subsets of acceptance testing, involve end users to conduct their analysis of the finished product. From there, the organization can evaluate that feedback and make changes.
Acceptance testing example: A software company releases a product that enables its users to manage big data. Upon release of a new version of the software, a group of that company’s most significant users conducts user acceptance testing to determine whether the new version meets their primary needs and how the product can be improved.
Alpha testing. Another subset of acceptance testing, alpha testing uses internal team members to evaluate the product. These team members should be knowledgeable of the project but not directly involved in its development or testing. Where some builds might still be somewhat unstable, alpha testing provides an immediate subset of testers to root out major bugs before the software is seen by external users.
Alpha testing example: In this functional testing example, a casino games provider releases a new version of its app that includes video poker. The organization compiles a cross-functional group of internal users that test whether the app functions correctly on their devices and how the user experience can improve.
Beta testing. After the internal team tests the product and fixes bugs, beta testing occurs with a select group of end users. Beta testing serves as a soft launch, enabling you to get feedback from real users who have no prior knowledge of the app. Beta testing enables you to gather feedback from unbiased users who may interact with the product differently than you intended, perhaps identifying critical unknown bugs before release to a wide user base.
Beta testing example: A restaurant chain releases a new mobile order and pickup system. Before the company releases the functionality to all of its mobile app users, it tests the app with a small number of dedicated customers and provides them with rewards for participating.
Production testing. Once the product goes public, it is in a live production environment where any user can interact with it in any way — you no longer can control everything from the testing environment to the number of people using the product. Production testing is part of continuous testing and shift-right testing, which attempts to discover and triage user-reported defects as quickly as possible. By testing in production, the organization can test beyond the scripted test cases in a varied environment. With production testing, the organization can confirm product functionality and stability.
Production testing example: A fitness equipment manufacturer can monitor user-reported defects and device metrics to make sure its internet-connected treadmills, elliptical and stair-climbing machines function as they should — upon delivery and continuously.
Specialized testing types
Functional testing and non-functional testing come together as part of an organization’s essential quality assurance process. The goal of these functional testing types is not only to confirm functionality, but also a good user experience. However, the scale and scope of testing often make this task more challenging than it sounds.
Here Applause, we not only offer solutions and expertise for the above functional testing types, we help our customers confirm they can meet particular revenue-driving quality objectives. These specialized tests involve multiple types of functional tests all geared toward a specific type of feature or service, such as payment processing and accessibility conformance.
Applause caters testing to unique customer requirements and constantly evolves testing offerings. Here are several types of specialized testing programs that Applause provides:
Accessibility testing
AI testing
Customer journey testing
Payment testing
Roaming testing
Security testing
User experience testing
Voice testing
Accessibility testing. Your digital products need to work for all users, not just a subset of users. That makes accessibility testing a must for all organizations. Companies that comply with federal accessibility standards open up additional revenue channels and reduce the risk of lawsuits.
Applause provides accessibility audits and guidance to assess whether your digital product is easy to use and inclusive for all users regardless of disability or impairment. With a team assessing your entire site, you receive a comprehensive breakdown of designs and features that must be updated to meet current standards and regulations. Applause helps organizations with continual maintenance checks, as well as course development and training to ensure you’re up to code — and stay that way.
AI testing. A lot of work — and data — goes into training machine learning algorithms. But it doesn’t stop there. AI testing against a variety of criteria ensures that AI and ML systems function as expected.
Applause provides AI training and testing, with the latter focusing on the quality of these systems. Applause community experts can provide a real user’s perspective, testing for devices where the system will run and check against AI bias. Without proper training and testing, it’s hard to realize the value of AI and ML — take the time to do it right.
Customer journey testing. Nearly every company connects with consumers across multiple channels (e.g. mobile, web, social, in-store). Thus, customer journey testing, or omnichannel testing, is essential to the end-to-end experience. Customer journey testing uses real people to test an experience from one channel to another to ensure consistent digital quality and continuity of experience.
The Applause community of experts helps brands achieve cross-functional alignment and smooth customer experiences. Take advantage of testers in the markets and demographics you need, and receive actionable feedback to reduce customer friction.
Payment testing. For any transactional system, payment testing is critical to success. With payment testing, users validate select payment methods, such as credit cards, debit cards, mobile wallets and P2P platforms. Payment testing ensures that currency can seamlessly change hands from the consumer to the business and a transaction can be processed.
Applause conducts payment testing with real users around the world, in different currencies for both digital and physical transactions. When it comes to financial transactions, it’s not good enough to simply hope the payment processes. Ensure your revenue stream works as it should with payment testing.
Roaming testing. When you apply the above types of functional testing in one location, remember that there’s no guarantee the app will — or should — perform the same way in another location. In today’s increasingly mobile world, developers and testers must make sure devices perform well across international boundaries and under varying network conditions.
Turn to Applause for expertise in roaming testing. Our digital experts help you test mobile functionality or user experience across many device/OS combinations. Whether you want to collect market-specific feedback, customize tests for network changes or ensure readiness for a new launch, Applause has the expertise to make it happen.
Security testing. All apps and websites require robust security to maintain consumer trust and protect both data and intellectual property. There are numerous automated scans and assessments that every company should perform as part of security testing, but active testing elements should bring the human side into testing as well.
Applause provides a global team of white-hat hackers to penetration test your digital products. These penetration testers attempt to break into your protected system to identify vulnerabilities. Applause provides these insights securely within our platform and offers a breadth of knowledge and experience to give peace of mind that a release meets high security standards.
User experience testing. Contrary to user acceptance testing, user experience testing considers user opinions. It’s important to have functional digital products, but it’s also crucial to have products that customers can easily use — and, ideally, like to use.
Applause conducts user experience testing led by a qualified UX researcher and run through our global community of experts based on your customer profiles. You can run various types of studies to collect detailed user feedback that helps identify areas or features that could be adjusted to improve the user experience.
Voice testing. As devices evolve, so do the mechanisms through which users interact with them. Voice applications bring a new level of complexity to software testing because of the numerous variables associated with the human voice. Voice testing enlists real people to test inputs across a wide range of languages, dialects, emotional states, and more.
Ensure that users everywhere can understand — and be understood by — your digital products through voice testing with Applause. Our global community
can validate that voice inputs work as expected and outputs are helpful and accurate.
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Integrated Functional Testing in a QA strategyTest automation has its benefits and limitations. With Integrated Functional Testing, you get the best of both worlds: manual testing expertise and automation for simpler test cases.
Read NowWant to see more like this?
What form of testing involves viewing the software unit as a device that has expected input and output behaviors but whose internal workings are unknown quizlet?
White-box testing involves viewing the software unit as a device that has expected input and output behaviors but whose internal workings are unknown.When forced to choose between adding more user features and doing more testing most software companies decide in favor of more testing?
The impact of software defects is always trivial. When forced to choose between adding more user features and doing more testing, most software companies decide in favor of more testing. Risk analysis is important for safety-critical systems, but is useful for other kinds of software development as well.When developing safety
In the development of safety-critical systems, a key assumption is that safety will not automatically result from following an organization's standard software development methodology. A safety-critical system is one whose failure may cause human injury or death. Tải thêm tài liệu liên quan đến nội dung bài viết Which type of testing involves observing the software unit as a tool that has expected input and output behaviors but whose internal mechanisms are unknown?
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